Exam 1 - principle of drug individualization Flashcards
segment of DNA that contains information for encoding a protein.
Gene
SNPs
Single nucleotide polymorphism
. e.g. rs10516526
an alteration of a single pair in a DNA sequence
alleles
Different DNA sequences at a locus. e.g. rs10516526 G
genotype
Pair of alleles at a particular locus:
is the observable property of an organism; a trait such as height, weight, medical condition, etc.
Phenotype
A set of DNA variations, or polymorphisms, that tend to be inherited together
halpotype
Factors that make individuals or subgroups of a population different from the rest
Diversity
What are the three main factors affecting patient drug response
Environment
Biology
genetics
Why should you personlize/individualize medicine? why not just use reccomended dose?
becuase current knowledge of dosage, outcomes and results of drugs are based on statistics.
What is pharmacogenomics
the study of how genes affect a persons response to drugs
What is the goal of pharmacogenetics (two different phrases)
“to get the right dose of the right drug to the right patient at the right time”
“to enhance drug efficacy and reduce drug toxicity”
What is a big reason that statistical drug doses do not work for certain populations
the statistics were based on people who are “middle of the curve” AKA they were all one race, no co-morbitities, middle-aged ect. If the drug is not working on a person or population it is likely that person or population is “outside the middle of the curve”
What is the hardest administration type to absorb
oral
What is the easiest administration type to absorb
intravenous
Describe the systemic approach to genetic variations (What, who, how how)
What - (what are the genetic variations and what is affected: such as enszymes, transporters, receptors or disease.)
Who - determine who is imacted (what population of indiviuals such as the obese population, a certain race, or age group)
How - how is this relevent to the drug (?)
and how is this relevant to a disease (?)
What reactions occur during phase one of drug metabolism
oxidation, hydroxylation, reduction, and hydrolysis
What is the example for phase 1 of drug metabolism
CYPs
What reactions occur during phase 2 of drug metabolism
conjugation
normal metabolizing persons.
extensive metabolizers
individuals who are homozygous with two homozygous alleles that are abnormal which results in inactive or absent enzymes
Poor metabolizers
in between extensive and poor becuase they are heterozygous for the normal and abnormal metabolizing gene
Intermediate metabolizer
resulted from normal gene duplication or multiplication (look at slide 17 if you are confused)
ultra-rapid metabolizer
___________________ a transport system superfamily that is one of the largest and possibly one of the oldest gene families
ATP binding cassette (ABC)
Those who lack CYP2D6 or who do not posses CYP2D6 that works well are considered
poor metabolizers
