Exam 1 - Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards
a drug is any substance that brings __________ through ___________
any substance that brings about change in a biological function through chemical action
agosnist
activator
antagonist
inhibitor
receptor
a target molecule
chemical antagonists
drugs that may interact directly with other drugs
omsotic agents
agents that act almost exclusively with water molecules
can drugs be sythesized both inside and outside of the body?
yes, inside the body is hormones, outside of the body are drugs created by drug companies
poisons
drugs that have almost exclusive harmful effects
toxins
poisons of biological origin
mechanism of action
the appropriate size, electrical charge, shape and atomic composition that a drug must have in order to interact chemically with its receptor, as well as the way all of these things come together to create a viable action from drug and receptor
What increases risk for toxicity
if a drug is not excreted or metabolized by the body in a timely manner
drugs interact with receptors through…
chemical forces or bonds
the three major types of chemical forces or bonds are ____________, _________ and _____________
covalent bonds (strong bonds), electrostatic bonds (ionic bonds), and hydrophobic bonds (weak bonds).
How are drugs that bind through weak bonds different than drugs that bond through strong bonds
more selective with what binds to them than drugs who bond by means of very strong bonds.
enantiomers
nonsuperimposable mirror images an example is hands
More than ______ of all drugs are chiral which means they are __________ and have ___________
more than half of all drugs are chiral which means they are asymmetrical and have four DIFFERENT carbon attachments
although most drugs are chiral, most are sold in a ______________
racemic mix
racemic mix
S & R isomer mix.
What is the difference between drug enantiomers
one half may treat one thing and the other enantiomer may treat another.
This is because they differe in susceptability to specific metabolizing enzymes.
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics indicates the actions of the drug on the body.
_____________________ indicates the actions of the drug on the body.
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics includes what ( not definition)
mechanisms of action and theraputic and toxic effects
What fundamental event initiates the action of a drug
the interaction of the drug with the receptor
Many drugs are classified through ____________ because this determines _______________
many drugs are classified through which receptor they bind to because this determines the appropriate therapy for the patients symptom or disease
the final change in function is accomplished by ____________________
an effector mechanism.
why might a receptor with a binded agonistic drug not have any effects
an allosteric inhibitor may be present or the agonist may require an allosteric activator
________________ mimic agonist drugs and steal the spot on a receptor in which the agonist would have binded.
competitive inhibitors
how can a competitive inhibitor be removed or dislodged from its place in order to replace it with a drug agonist
sometimes they can be overcome through increasing agonist concentration. Other times it is irreversible or pseudo irreversible and is unable to be displaced by increasing concentration.
Which type of inhibition is able to sometimes be overcome by increasing agonist concentration
competitive inhibitors
what type of inhibition is unable to be overcome through increased concentration of agonist
allosteric inhibitor
what is the difference between full agonist drugs and partial agonist drugs
full agonist drugs can maximize effect by increasing concentration
partial agonist drugs do not evoke as great of a response/effect regardless of how high the concentration is
neutral antagonism
neutral antagonism is when the antagonistic blocks access of the agonist
inverse agonists
inverse agonists are drugs that prefer receptors that are in an inactive form
CHECK THIS ONE!!!!!!!!
What is the problem with metabolizing covalently bonded drugs
in the case of covalently bonded drugs, the drug effects may linger until the drug/receptor complex is destroyed and new receptors are made.
In order to function as a receptor, a molecule must be ___________ and it must ____________ upon binding to drugs
in order to function as a receptor , a molecule must be selective in what binds to it and it must change functions upon binding to drugs
when a drug binds to a nonregulatory molecule it will result in _________________________
when a drug binds to a nonregulatory molecule it will result in no detectable change to the biological system.
when a drug binds to a _____________ molecule it will result in no detectable change to the biological system.
this molecules binding site is known as a ______________
when a drug binds to a nonregulatory molecule it will result in no detectable change to the biological system. this molecules binding site is known as an inert binding site
describe what happens when a drug attaches to an inert binding site
literally nothing happens
Why are inert binding sites not completely insignificant
because they affect the distribution of the drug and how much of that drug is available to the system through circulation.
pharmacokinetics
pharmacokinetics describes the effects of the body on the drugs.
Pharmacokinetics includes (not definition)
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
what are the two ways that elimination of a drug is achieved
metabolism or excretion
biodisposition is a term sometimes used to describe the _______________
biodisposition is a term sometimes used to describe the processes of metabolism and excretion.
typically drugs are _________________ from the site of administration and _________to the site of action.
This requires _____________. which is super difficult in some cases
typically drugs are absorbed into the blood from the site of administration and disributed to the site of action.
this requires permeating through various barriers that seperate compartments.
What is a particularly difficult barrier to cross (aka not easily permeable). Many drugs are inable to pass this barrier
the blood-brain barrier
What are the two most common ways to eliminate a drug frrom the body
metabolic inactivation or excretion from the body.
What is an indication
the reason why the medication is needed
what dose do you always start at and what dose do you stay at when prescribing a new medication
the lowest reccomended dose.
the lowest effective dose.
what is a contraindication
a reason NOT to give a medication to a patient under any circumstances
what is a caution towards a drug
a reason to watch a patient very closely if given a medication
“stop this drug if _______ occurs” is a _______ reaction
serious
“is this drug reaction inconveniencing you enough for me to change it?” is an example of a ____ reaction
common reaction
the half life of a drug is
how long it takes for half of that drug to desenigrate or excrete from system
What is a formulary
a list of medications/health products/services that is provided and covered in partial or full by a certain company. examples are insurance companies and hospitals.
what is off-label treating
circumstances where no other attempted treatment has affected the symptoms and the provider makes a decision to use a treatment plan that has not yet been approved by the FDA.
chemical name
Describes the atomic or molecular structure of the drug. often very complex.
when a drug is approved by the FDA it is given a
generic name
when a company develops a drug and it becomes approved by FDA that company uses the
brand name of the drug
When a drug is under patent protection a company markets it under the
brand name
when a drug is off patent it is marketed by the
brand or generic name
what is the diferent frrom brand and generic named drugs
nothing, they are the same quality and effectiveness
a __________ drug is a drug that typifys the most important characteristics of a drug
prototype
black box warning
the strictest, serious most life threatening side effects or risks of a drug.
-cillin
all penicillins (antibiotics)
-olol
all beta blockers
-mab
monoclonal antibodies
-ib or -nib
mostly kinase inhibitors sometimes called small molecule inhibitors.
