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Pharmacology > Exam 1 - Intro to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

a drug is any substance that brings __________ through ___________

A

any substance that brings about change in a biological function through chemical action

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2
Q

agosnist

A

activator

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3
Q

antagonist

A

inhibitor

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4
Q

receptor

A

a target molecule

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5
Q

chemical antagonists

A

drugs that may interact directly with other drugs

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6
Q

omsotic agents

A

agents that act almost exclusively with water molecules

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7
Q

can drugs be sythesized both inside and outside of the body?

A

yes, inside the body is hormones, outside of the body are drugs created by drug companies

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8
Q

poisons

A

drugs that have almost exclusive harmful effects

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9
Q

toxins

A

poisons of biological origin

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10
Q

mechanism of action

A

the appropriate size, electrical charge, shape and atomic composition that a drug must have in order to interact chemically with its receptor, as well as the way all of these things come together to create a viable action from drug and receptor

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11
Q

What increases risk for toxicity

A

if a drug is not excreted or metabolized by the body in a timely manner

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12
Q

drugs interact with receptors through…

A

chemical forces or bonds

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13
Q

the three major types of chemical forces or bonds are ____________, _________ and _____________

A

covalent bonds (strong bonds), electrostatic bonds (ionic bonds), and hydrophobic bonds (weak bonds).

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14
Q

How are drugs that bind through weak bonds different than drugs that bond through strong bonds

A

more selective with what binds to them than drugs who bond by means of very strong bonds.

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15
Q

enantiomers

A

nonsuperimposable mirror images an example is hands

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16
Q

More than ______ of all drugs are chiral which means they are __________ and have ___________

A

more than half of all drugs are chiral which means they are asymmetrical and have four DIFFERENT carbon attachments

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17
Q

although most drugs are chiral, most are sold in a ______________

A

racemic mix

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18
Q

racemic mix

A

S & R isomer mix.

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19
Q

What is the difference between drug enantiomers

A

one half may treat one thing and the other enantiomer may treat another.
This is because they differe in susceptability to specific metabolizing enzymes.

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20
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Pharmacodynamics indicates the actions of the drug on the body.

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21
Q

_____________________ indicates the actions of the drug on the body.

A

Pharmacodynamics

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22
Q

Pharmacodynamics includes what ( not definition)

A

mechanisms of action and theraputic and toxic effects

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23
Q

What fundamental event initiates the action of a drug

A

the interaction of the drug with the receptor

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24
Q

Many drugs are classified through ____________ because this determines _______________

A

many drugs are classified through which receptor they bind to because this determines the appropriate therapy for the patients symptom or disease

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25
Q

the final change in function is accomplished by ____________________

A

an effector mechanism.

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26
Q

why might a receptor with a binded agonistic drug not have any effects

A

an allosteric inhibitor may be present or the agonist may require an allosteric activator

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27
Q

________________ mimic agonist drugs and steal the spot on a receptor in which the agonist would have binded.

A

competitive inhibitors

28
Q

how can a competitive inhibitor be removed or dislodged from its place in order to replace it with a drug agonist

A

sometimes they can be overcome through increasing agonist concentration. Other times it is irreversible or pseudo irreversible and is unable to be displaced by increasing concentration.

29
Q

Which type of inhibition is able to sometimes be overcome by increasing agonist concentration

A

competitive inhibitors

30
Q

what type of inhibition is unable to be overcome through increased concentration of agonist

A

allosteric inhibitor

31
Q

what is the difference between full agonist drugs and partial agonist drugs

A

full agonist drugs can maximize effect by increasing concentration
partial agonist drugs do not evoke as great of a response/effect regardless of how high the concentration is

32
Q

neutral antagonism

A

neutral antagonism is when the antagonistic blocks access of the agonist

33
Q

inverse agonists

A

inverse agonists are drugs that prefer receptors that are in an inactive form

CHECK THIS ONE!!!!!!!!

34
Q

What is the problem with metabolizing covalently bonded drugs

A

in the case of covalently bonded drugs, the drug effects may linger until the drug/receptor complex is destroyed and new receptors are made.

35
Q

In order to function as a receptor, a molecule must be ___________ and it must ____________ upon binding to drugs

A

in order to function as a receptor , a molecule must be selective in what binds to it and it must change functions upon binding to drugs

36
Q

when a drug binds to a nonregulatory molecule it will result in _________________________

A

when a drug binds to a nonregulatory molecule it will result in no detectable change to the biological system.

37
Q

when a drug binds to a _____________ molecule it will result in no detectable change to the biological system.
this molecules binding site is known as a ______________

A

when a drug binds to a nonregulatory molecule it will result in no detectable change to the biological system. this molecules binding site is known as an inert binding site

38
Q

describe what happens when a drug attaches to an inert binding site

A

literally nothing happens

39
Q

Why are inert binding sites not completely insignificant

A

because they affect the distribution of the drug and how much of that drug is available to the system through circulation.

40
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

pharmacokinetics describes the effects of the body on the drugs.

41
Q

Pharmacokinetics includes (not definition)

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

42
Q

what are the two ways that elimination of a drug is achieved

A

metabolism or excretion

43
Q

biodisposition is a term sometimes used to describe the _______________

A

biodisposition is a term sometimes used to describe the processes of metabolism and excretion.

44
Q

typically drugs are _________________ from the site of administration and _________to the site of action.

This requires _____________. which is super difficult in some cases

A

typically drugs are absorbed into the blood from the site of administration and disributed to the site of action.

this requires permeating through various barriers that seperate compartments.

45
Q

What is a particularly difficult barrier to cross (aka not easily permeable). Many drugs are inable to pass this barrier

A

the blood-brain barrier

46
Q

What are the two most common ways to eliminate a drug frrom the body

A

metabolic inactivation or excretion from the body.

47
Q

What is an indication

A

the reason why the medication is needed

48
Q

what dose do you always start at and what dose do you stay at when prescribing a new medication

A

the lowest reccomended dose.
the lowest effective dose.

49
Q

what is a contraindication

A

a reason NOT to give a medication to a patient under any circumstances

50
Q

what is a caution towards a drug

A

a reason to watch a patient very closely if given a medication

51
Q

“stop this drug if _______ occurs” is a _______ reaction

A

serious

52
Q

“is this drug reaction inconveniencing you enough for me to change it?” is an example of a ____ reaction

A

common reaction

53
Q

the half life of a drug is

A

how long it takes for half of that drug to desenigrate or excrete from system

54
Q

What is a formulary

A

a list of medications/health products/services that is provided and covered in partial or full by a certain company. examples are insurance companies and hospitals.

55
Q

what is off-label treating

A

circumstances where no other attempted treatment has affected the symptoms and the provider makes a decision to use a treatment plan that has not yet been approved by the FDA.

56
Q

chemical name

A

Describes the atomic or molecular structure of the drug. often very complex.

57
Q

when a drug is approved by the FDA it is given a

A

generic name

58
Q

when a company develops a drug and it becomes approved by FDA that company uses the

A

brand name of the drug

59
Q

When a drug is under patent protection a company markets it under the

A

brand name

60
Q

when a drug is off patent it is marketed by the

A

brand or generic name

61
Q

what is the diferent frrom brand and generic named drugs

A

nothing, they are the same quality and effectiveness

62
Q

a __________ drug is a drug that typifys the most important characteristics of a drug

A

prototype

63
Q

black box warning

A

the strictest, serious most life threatening side effects or risks of a drug.

64
Q

-cillin

A

all penicillins (antibiotics)

65
Q

-olol

A

all beta blockers

66
Q

-mab

A

monoclonal antibodies

67
Q

-ib or -nib

A

mostly kinase inhibitors sometimes called small molecule inhibitors.

Pharmacology (19 decks)

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