Exam 1: ppts 1-4 Flashcards
Carl Linnaeus
father of modern taxonomy
Kingdom Animalia has ~ _____ phyla
36
Phylum Chordata has ~ _________ species
81,000
Class Actinopteri
ray-finned fishes: sturgeons, gars, bowfins, bonefishes, tarpons, eels, herring, catfishes, etc
Class Cladistii
bichirs
Class Coelacanthi
coelacanths
Class Dipneusti
lungfishes
Class Elasmobranchii
sharks and rays
Class Holocephali
chimeras
Class Myxini
hagfishes
Class Petromyzonti
lampreys
there are ~ _______ species in Kingdom Animalia
36,632
taxonomy
practice of describing biodiversity
systematics
study of the relationships among species
cladistics
organisms are based on shared derived characteristics
apomorphies
derived character, more recently evolved
plesiomorphies
ancestral characters, more primitive
synapomorphies
derived character shared by two or more species and their common ancestor
symplesiomorphies
shared ancestral characters
autapomorphies
apomorphy restricted to a single species
meristic classification
can be counted
morphometric classification
can be measured
anatomical classification
distribution of fins, divisions of muscles, etc
phylogenetic trees
diagrams that illustrate the evolutionary relationship of various lineages, based on shared traits
monophyly
group that includes all the descendants and its common ancestor
polyphyly
groups containing the descendents of different ancestors
paraphyly
groups that do not contain ALL the descendants of a common ancestor
node
point of divergence, common ancestor
clade
group without a rank
centrum
body of the vertebra
neural canal
opening in neural spine of vertebrae formed by the neural arch through which spinal cord passes
haemal canal
opening in the haemal spine of vertebrae through which the dorsal aorta/caudal artery passes
hypural
the bony structure that supports the caudal fin rays in most bony fishes
fin rays
each of the small bones forming a fin or tail of a fish
rib
each of the bones forming the thoracic cage and that attach to the precaudal vertebrae
pelvic griddle
set of bones forming the pelvis; usually not attached to the vertebral column
lower jaw
mandible
upper jaw
maxila and premaxila
orbit
cavity of the skull that contains the eye
operculum
a series of bones found in bony fishes that serve as a protective cover for the gills
dorsal
back/topside
ventral
belly/underside
anterior
front
posterior/caudal
back/tail
medial
middle
lateral
side
cartilaginous fishes
skeletons made of cartilage, most primitive
bony fishes
skeletons made of bones
precaudal vertebrae
anterior, extend to end of body cavity and bearing ribs
caudal vertebrae
posterior, beginning with the first vertebrae bearing a haemal spine and an enclosed haemal canal
spines
stiff and sharp
rays
soft, flexible, often branching, and segmented
fin rays
bony structures that support fins, covered in skin
apart from the caudal fin, fins have…
no direct connection with the spine
Ceratotrichia
stiff protein elements that support fins in cartilaginous fishes
protocercal caudal fin
primitive and undifferentiated fin that extends around the posterior end
leptocercal caudal fins
dorsal and anal rays joined with caudal around posterior fish
heterocercal caudal fins
unequal lobes, asymmetrical
homocercal caudal fin
equal lobes, symmetrical
gephyrocercal caudal fin
highly advanced, formed by the joining of the dorsal and anal fins
dorsal fins
stabilize against rolling, assist in turns; may have spines, rays, both
anal fish
help the fish go up and down, help with stabilization
pectoral fins
provide lift or use for maneuvering in tight spaces; brakes
pelvic fin
paired, for steering; can be modified
gill cover
operculum; hard bony plate that covers and protects gills
bony fishes have ____ pairs of gills; cartilaginous fishes have ____ pairs
4; 5-7
teleosts
derived bony fishes
jaw protrusion advantages
pipette mouth & proximity
four phases of bony fish feeding
preparation, expansion, compression, recovery
grasping dentition
long, slender, sharp
villiform dentition
small, fine
cutting dentition
triangular teeth
crushing dentition
molars
holding dentition
recurved, conical, sharp
pharyngeal jaws evolved from…
modified gill arches
filter feeding
enlarged mouth and highly modified gill rakers used to filter plankton
stratum germinativum
innermost layer of epidermis; made of active columnar cells
scales are derivatives of…
dermis tissue
dermis
contains blood vessels, nerves, sense organs, and connective tissue
chromatophores
modified dermal cells that contain pigment
ctenoid scales are found on…
spiny-rayed fishes
ex. bowfins and teleosts
cycloid scales are found on…
soft-rayed fishes
ex. bowfins and teleosts
cosmoid scales are found on…
coelacanths and lungfishes
ganoid scales are found on…
primitive actinopterygians
ex. bichirs, paddlefish, sturgeon, gars
placoid scales are found on…
chondrichthyes
ex. sharks and rays
laminar flow
fluid moves in parallel layers; easier to move through
frictional drag
created by interaction between fish body and water
pressure drag
created by displacement of water as the fish swims
how to minimize drag?
streamlined body
mucus production (reduces frictional drag)
scale orientation
placoid scales create…
a thin layer of laminar flow around the body; non-overlapping or partially overlapping
cycloid/ctenoid and ganoid scales…
overlap; reduce drag
finlets
dorsal and ventral mini-fins; smooth out the flow around the caudal fin
skeletal muscle
voluntary, striated; accounts for most of a fish’s mass
smooth muscle
involuntary, not striated; mostly associated with gut
cardiac muscle
involuntary, striated; heart
white muscle
low endurance
good for fast bursts
lacks myoglobin
red muscle
high endurance
important for sustained swimming
abundant myoglobin
more abundant in fast-chase predators
swimming is achieved by…
alternating contractions of the myomeres (chevron-shaped blocks of skeletal muscle)
undulation
sinusoidal waves passing down the body
ex. eels
oscillation
structure that moves back and forth
anguilliform
undulation using most of body
thunniform
undulation using last 3rd of body
rajiform
undulation of modified pectoral fins
gymnotiform
undulaltion of elongated anal fins
ostraciiform
oscillation of caudal region
balistiform
oscillation of dorsal and anal fins
labriform
oscillation of pectoral fins
what makes the tuna special?
high aspect ratio tail
streamlined
narrow caudal peduncle
extra red muscle
convergent evolution
two or more unrelated lineages have the same trait because of selection for a shared ecological niche
analogous sructures
similar in appearance and function but no common ancestry
ex. wings
homologous structures
common ancestry but different functions
ex. human arm and dolphin flipper
planktivore
small size, streamlined, forked tails, limited dentition, protrusible mouths
