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ZOO 3454 > Exam 1: ppts 1-4 > Flashcards

Exam 1: ppts 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

father of modern taxonomy

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2
Q

Kingdom Animalia has ~ _____ phyla

A

36

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3
Q

Phylum Chordata has ~ _________ species

A

81,000

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4
Q

Class Actinopteri

A

ray-finned fishes: sturgeons, gars, bowfins, bonefishes, tarpons, eels, herring, catfishes, etc

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5
Q

Class Cladistii

A

bichirs

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6
Q

Class Coelacanthi

A

coelacanths

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7
Q

Class Dipneusti

A

lungfishes

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8
Q

Class Elasmobranchii

A

sharks and rays

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9
Q

Class Holocephali

A

chimeras

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10
Q

Class Myxini

A

hagfishes

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11
Q

Class Petromyzonti

A

lampreys

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12
Q

there are ~ _______ species in Kingdom Animalia

A

36,632

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13
Q

taxonomy

A

practice of describing biodiversity

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14
Q

systematics

A

study of the relationships among species

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15
Q

cladistics

A

organisms are based on shared derived characteristics

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16
Q

apomorphies

A

derived character, more recently evolved

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17
Q

plesiomorphies

A

ancestral characters, more primitive

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18
Q

synapomorphies

A

derived character shared by two or more species and their common ancestor

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19
Q

symplesiomorphies

A

shared ancestral characters

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20
Q

autapomorphies

A

apomorphy restricted to a single species

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21
Q

meristic classification

A

can be counted

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22
Q

morphometric classification

A

can be measured

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23
Q

anatomical classification

A

distribution of fins, divisions of muscles, etc

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24
Q

phylogenetic trees

A

diagrams that illustrate the evolutionary relationship of various lineages, based on shared traits

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25
Q

monophyly

A

group that includes all the descendants and its common ancestor

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26
Q

polyphyly

A

groups containing the descendents of different ancestors

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27
Q

paraphyly

A

groups that do not contain ALL the descendants of a common ancestor

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28
Q

node

A

point of divergence, common ancestor

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29
Q

clade

A

group without a rank

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30
Q

centrum

A

body of the vertebra

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31
Q

neural canal

A

opening in neural spine of vertebrae formed by the neural arch through which spinal cord passes

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32
Q

haemal canal

A

opening in the haemal spine of vertebrae through which the dorsal aorta/caudal artery passes

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33
Q

hypural

A

the bony structure that supports the caudal fin rays in most bony fishes

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34
Q

fin rays

A

each of the small bones forming a fin or tail of a fish

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35
Q

rib

A

each of the bones forming the thoracic cage and that attach to the precaudal vertebrae

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36
Q

pelvic griddle

A

set of bones forming the pelvis; usually not attached to the vertebral column

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37
Q

lower jaw

A

mandible

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38
Q

upper jaw

A

maxila and premaxila

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39
Q

orbit

A

cavity of the skull that contains the eye

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40
Q

operculum

A

a series of bones found in bony fishes that serve as a protective cover for the gills

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41
Q

dorsal

A

back/topside

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42
Q

ventral

A

belly/underside

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43
Q

anterior

A

front

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44
Q

posterior/caudal

A

back/tail

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45
Q

medial

A

middle

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46
Q

lateral

A

side

47
Q

cartilaginous fishes

A

skeletons made of cartilage, most primitive

48
Q

bony fishes

A

skeletons made of bones

49
Q

precaudal vertebrae

A

anterior, extend to end of body cavity and bearing ribs

50
Q

caudal vertebrae

A

posterior, beginning with the first vertebrae bearing a haemal spine and an enclosed haemal canal

51
Q

spines

A

stiff and sharp

52
Q

rays

A

soft, flexible, often branching, and segmented

53
Q

fin rays

A

bony structures that support fins, covered in skin

54
Q

apart from the caudal fin, fins have…

A

no direct connection with the spine

55
Q

Ceratotrichia

A

stiff protein elements that support fins in cartilaginous fishes

56
Q

protocercal caudal fin

A

primitive and undifferentiated fin that extends around the posterior end

57
Q

leptocercal caudal fins

A

dorsal and anal rays joined with caudal around posterior fish

58
Q

heterocercal caudal fins

A

unequal lobes, asymmetrical

59
Q

homocercal caudal fin

A

equal lobes, symmetrical

60
Q

gephyrocercal caudal fin

A

highly advanced, formed by the joining of the dorsal and anal fins

61
Q

dorsal fins

A

stabilize against rolling, assist in turns; may have spines, rays, both

62
Q

anal fish

A

help the fish go up and down, help with stabilization

63
Q

pectoral fins

A

provide lift or use for maneuvering in tight spaces; brakes

64
Q

pelvic fin

A

paired, for steering; can be modified

65
Q

gill cover

A

operculum; hard bony plate that covers and protects gills

66
Q

bony fishes have ____ pairs of gills; cartilaginous fishes have ____ pairs

A

4; 5-7

67
Q

teleosts

A

derived bony fishes

68
Q

jaw protrusion advantages

A

pipette mouth & proximity

69
Q

four phases of bony fish feeding

A

preparation, expansion, compression, recovery

70
Q

grasping dentition

A

long, slender, sharp

71
Q

villiform dentition

A

small, fine

72
Q

cutting dentition

A

triangular teeth

73
Q

crushing dentition

A

molars

74
Q

holding dentition

A

recurved, conical, sharp

75
Q

pharyngeal jaws evolved from…

A

modified gill arches

76
Q

filter feeding

A

enlarged mouth and highly modified gill rakers used to filter plankton

77
Q

stratum germinativum

A

innermost layer of epidermis; made of active columnar cells

78
Q

scales are derivatives of…

A

dermis tissue

79
Q

dermis

A

contains blood vessels, nerves, sense organs, and connective tissue

80
Q

chromatophores

A

modified dermal cells that contain pigment

81
Q

ctenoid scales are found on…

A

spiny-rayed fishes
ex. bowfins and teleosts

82
Q

cycloid scales are found on…

A

soft-rayed fishes
ex. bowfins and teleosts

83
Q

cosmoid scales are found on…

A

coelacanths and lungfishes

84
Q

ganoid scales are found on…

A

primitive actinopterygians
ex. bichirs, paddlefish, sturgeon, gars

85
Q

placoid scales are found on…

A

chondrichthyes
ex. sharks and rays

86
Q

laminar flow

A

fluid moves in parallel layers; easier to move through

87
Q

frictional drag

A

created by interaction between fish body and water

88
Q

pressure drag

A

created by displacement of water as the fish swims

89
Q

how to minimize drag?

A

streamlined body
mucus production (reduces frictional drag)
scale orientation

90
Q

placoid scales create…

A

a thin layer of laminar flow around the body; non-overlapping or partially overlapping

91
Q

cycloid/ctenoid and ganoid scales…

A

overlap; reduce drag

92
Q

finlets

A

dorsal and ventral mini-fins; smooth out the flow around the caudal fin

93
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary, striated; accounts for most of a fish’s mass

94
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary, not striated; mostly associated with gut

95
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary, striated; heart

96
Q

white muscle

A

low endurance
good for fast bursts
lacks myoglobin

97
Q

red muscle

A

high endurance
important for sustained swimming
abundant myoglobin
more abundant in fast-chase predators

98
Q

swimming is achieved by…

A

alternating contractions of the myomeres (chevron-shaped blocks of skeletal muscle)

99
Q

undulation

A

sinusoidal waves passing down the body
ex. eels

100
Q

oscillation

A

structure that moves back and forth

101
Q

anguilliform

A

undulation using most of body

102
Q

thunniform

A

undulation using last 3rd of body

103
Q

rajiform

A

undulation of modified pectoral fins

104
Q

gymnotiform

A

undulaltion of elongated anal fins

105
Q

ostraciiform

A

oscillation of caudal region

106
Q

balistiform

A

oscillation of dorsal and anal fins

107
Q

labriform

A

oscillation of pectoral fins

108
Q

what makes the tuna special?

A

high aspect ratio tail
streamlined
narrow caudal peduncle
extra red muscle

109
Q

convergent evolution

A

two or more unrelated lineages have the same trait because of selection for a shared ecological niche

110
Q

analogous sructures

A

similar in appearance and function but no common ancestry
ex. wings

111
Q

homologous structures

A

common ancestry but different functions
ex. human arm and dolphin flipper

112
Q

planktivore

A

small size, streamlined, forked tails, limited dentition, protrusible mouths

113
Q
A

ZOO 3454 (2 decks)

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