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ZOO 3454 > Exam 1: ppt 5-9 > Flashcards

Exam 1: ppt 5-9 Flashcards

1
Q

buoyancy system

A

liver, gas bladder

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2
Q

alimentary canal

A

the passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus

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3
Q

anterior region of alimentary cnal

A

buccal cavity (mouth), pharynx (gills)

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4
Q

posterior alimentary canal

A

foregut (esophagus & stomach), midgut (intestine), hindgut (rectum)

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5
Q

digestive system is usually longer in…

A

herbivores

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6
Q

stomach functions

A

storage of food
initiation of digestion
inactivation of pathogens

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7
Q

jawless fish lack…

A

stomachs

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8
Q

pyloric caeca

A

fingerlike pouches at beginning of intestine
known to secrete enzymes that aid in digestion

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9
Q

intestine function

A

primary site of nutrient absorption

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10
Q

spiral valve

A

spiraling fold of tissue in elasmobranchs and primitive bony fishes
increases surface area

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11
Q

because fish have no salivary glands…

A

the mouth, buccal cavity and pharynx specialize in seizure and control of food

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12
Q

fishes of the families Tetraodontidae & Diodontidae can

A

expand their stomachs with air or water when threatened

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13
Q

buoyancy

A

ability to regulate vertical position within the water column

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14
Q

why don’t fish sink?

A

hydrodynamic force from swimming counteracts gravity
gas bladders
low weight cartilaginous skeletons and low specific gravity

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15
Q

lungs and gas bladders are…

A

homologous

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16
Q

there are no animals with both…

A

lungs and swim bladder

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17
Q

first lungs were simple sacs that…

A

connected to the gut and allowed organisms to gulp air in low O2 environments

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18
Q

gas bladders evolved from…

A

lungs

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19
Q

physostomous gas bladders

A

more ancestral and less prevalent
air flow is controlled by the pneumatic sphincter

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20
Q

physoclistous gas bladders

A

more derived; most bony fish
no physical attachment to gut
air moves from blood to fill gas bladder at the gas gland

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21
Q

tunica externa

A

layer of guanine crystals that covers the the bladder’s outside and is impermeable to gas

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22
Q

gas gland

A

vascularized portion of gas bladder, extracts gas from blood into the bladder

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23
Q

rete mirable

A

net of blood vessels, uses countercurrent exchange to help the gas gland efficiently extract O2 from the blood

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24
Q

oval window

A

gas permeable, allows gas to leave the bladder, controlled by constrictor muscles

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25
Q

movement of gas happens by diffusion so…

A

a concentration gradient with high O2 in the blood is created

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26
Q

lactic acid is produced by the gas gland which…

A

disassociates to lactate and hydrogen ions

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27
Q

the increase in hydrogen ions leads to…

A

an increase in pH of the blood

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28
Q

under conditions of high pH hemoglobin unloads its O2 thus…

A

increasing the concentration of O2 in the blood and allows for diffusion

29
Q

fish regulate the loss of gas in the bladder by

A

1) controlling the flow of blood to the oval window
2) and by using muscles to regulate the amount of gas entering the oval window

30
Q

specific gravity

A

ratio of the density of a substance in reference to fresh water

31
Q

seawater has an SG of…

A

1.06-1.09

32
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

A

points of higher fluid speed will have less pressure

33
Q

circulation system

A

single loop with 4 chambers/sacs

34
Q

four chambered fish heart

A

blood enters from the body:
through the Ducts of Cuvier > sinus venosus > atrium > ventricle > bulbus arteriosus > leaves the heart to the gills

35
Q

gills

A

main site of gas exchange

36
Q

stiffened pairs of bony or cartilaginous gill arches anchor…

A

gill filaments

37
Q

____ pairs of gill arches each with ____ rows of filaments on each arch

A

4; 2

38
Q

lamellae

A

highly vascularized; facilitates uptake of oxygen from water

39
Q

gills must have…

A

high surface area and moisture for extracting O2 from water

40
Q

gill filaments are arranged so that…

A

the flow of water is counter to the flow of blood in the vessels

41
Q

ventilation

A

respiration is most efficient when water is continuously flowing over gills

42
Q

ram ventilation

A

forward swimming motion carries water into mouth
ex. some predatory pelagic fishes

43
Q

2-phase (buccal-opercular) respiratory pump

A

phase 1: buccal and opercular cavities expand while the opercular valve is closed = negative pressure
phase 2: mouth closes, buccal chamber contracts, opercular valve opens forcing water across the gills

44
Q

buccal pump

A

expand buccal activity; water rushes into buccal cavity via mouth; contraction of buccal cavity forces water over gills

45
Q

buccal pumping can be used

A

to breathe when not swimming

46
Q

lamprey ventilation

A

external gill openings for moving water in and out of gill pouches when feeding

47
Q

hagfish ventilation

A

velum moves water through the nostril and over the gills

48
Q

skin breathing

A

O2 diffuses directly into epidermal capillaries

49
Q

air gulping

A

surface air is swallowed, and O2 diffuses through vascularized internal tissues

50
Q

facilitative air breathing

A

air breathing supplements gill respiration

51
Q

obligate air breathing

A

air breathing required for survival

52
Q

most air-breathing fishes live in…

A

tropical habitats

53
Q

“true lungs” only found in…

A

lungfishes

54
Q

walking catfish use…

A

arborescent organs

55
Q

tarpon primarily use gills to breathe but…

A

can acquire O2 from their gas bladder

56
Q

mudskippers rely on…

A

cutaneous respiration when on land

57
Q

mechanorecption

A

detection of the movement of water

58
Q

chemoreception

A

detection of chemicals in water

59
Q

electrorecption

A

detection of electricity

60
Q

magnetic reception

A

sensing magnetic fields

61
Q

lateral line allows for

A

touch/feel, detecting prey, avoiding predators, schooling

62
Q

inner ear allows for

A

hearing, balance, gravity detection

63
Q

hair cells

A

bundled into the neuromasts
mechanoreceptors

64
Q

neuromast morphology

A

cupula, kinocilium, & stereocilia

65
Q

canal neuromasts

A

sit at the bottom of pits or canals
abundant in species living in moving, clear water

66
Q

superficial neuromasts

A

sit on the surface of skin
abundant in species living in less turbulent water

67
Q

neuromast function

A

help in the detection of disturbances in water

68
Q

pars superior

A

three semicircular canals filled with endolymph

ZOO 3454 (2 decks)

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