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BOT 3015 > Exam 1: PPT Slides > Flashcards

Exam 1: PPT Slides Flashcards

Objectives and vocab from the PowerPoints

1
Q

The two systems that plants have…

A

Roots & Shoots

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2
Q

A plant’s vegetative organs…

A

Leaves & Stems

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3
Q

A plant’s reproductive organs…

A

Flowers & Fruits

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4
Q

Determinate growth

A

Maximum growth size is genetically determined; growth stops after a time

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5
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Maximum growth is not genetically determined; parts are able to keep growing through life

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6
Q

Site of cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

Middle Lamella

A

thin layer of protein binding adjacent cells

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8
Q

primary cell wall

A

cellulose-containing layer laid down by cells that are growing and dividing

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9
Q

secondary cell wall

A

layers deposited inner to the primary wall; as it grows, it pushes the cell membrane in

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10
Q

all tissues originate from…

A

meristematic tissues

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11
Q

because plant tissue is totipotent it…

A

can regenerate the whole plant

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12
Q

apical meristem

A

located at very end of stems and roots

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13
Q

protoderm

A

gives rise to epidermis

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14
Q

ground meristem

A

gives rise to ground tissue (photosynthetic, storage, support)

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15
Q

procambium

A

gives rise to vascular tissue (transport)

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16
Q

lateral meristem

A

responsible for secondary growth

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17
Q

vascular cambium

A

arises from the procambium; gives rise to vascular tissue

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18
Q

cork cambium

A

arises from the pericycle and cortex; produces periderm

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19
Q

intercalary meristems

A

meristematic tissue only available in gasses

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20
Q

a typical seed contains…

A

an embryo
a nutrient source
a protective coating

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21
Q

embryogenesis

A

development of the embryo

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22
Q

step 1 of embryogenesis

A

the developing seed contains the endosperm and zygote

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23
Q

step 2 of embryogenesis

A

the zygote divides to form the proembryo which is anchored to the micropyle by the suspensor

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24
Q

step 3 of embryogenesis

A

globular stage: a spherical mass of cells

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25
Q

step 4 of embryogenesis

A

heart stage: heart shape gives rise to cotyledons

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26
Q

step 5 of embryogenesis

A

torpedo stage: shoot apical meristem is between the cotyledons

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27
Q

step 6 of embryogenesis

A

the mature embryo includes the radicle, the hypocotyl, the epicotyl, and the ovule has developed into a seed coat

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28
Q

monocot embryogenesis has no…

A

heart stage

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29
Q

seed coat layers

A

testa (outer) and tegman (inner)

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30
Q

hilium

A

place where seed attaches to endocarp (inner layer of fruit)

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31
Q

micropyle

A

where the pollen tube enters

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32
Q

plume

A

young shoot containing the shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia

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33
Q

radicle

A

embryonic root

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34
Q

hypocotyl

A

region between cotyledon attachment point and radicle

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35
Q

epicotyl

A

region between cotyledon attachment and shoot tip

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36
Q

seeds are highly specialized in the…

A

Poaceae family

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37
Q

barriers in the seed coat

A

physical dormancy & chemical dormancy

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38
Q

physical dormancy

A

impermeability to water or oxygen

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39
Q

chemical dormancy

A

compounds in seed coat inhibit germination

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40
Q

barriers in the embryo

A

physiological dormancy, endodormancy, & ecodormancy

41
Q

physiological dormancy

A

embryo requires environmental conditions to complete matuaration

42
Q

endodormancy

A

internal biochemical processes must be met before germination can begin

43
Q

ecodormancy

A

external factors are not optical for germination

44
Q

steps to initiate germination

A

initiation, enzyme activation, and breakdown of starch into sugar

45
Q

epigeous

A

the hypocotyl elongates and cotyledons extend above ground

46
Q

hypogeous

A

the epicotyl elongates and cotyledons remain belowground

47
Q

in epigeous eudicots…

A

the hypocotyl is shaped like a hook w/ the plume pointing downwards
the plume is encased by cotyledons
after emergence, the hypocotyl straightens and the epicotyl elongates

48
Q

in hypogeous eudicots…

A

the epicotyl forms a hook
the cotyledons and hypocotyl remain underground

49
Q

in epigeous monocts…

A

the single cotyledon bends into a hook and emerges before the coleoptile

50
Q

in hypogeous monocots…

A

the cotyledon remains belowground and the coleoptile emerges first

51
Q

two types of root systems

A

tap root & fibrous root

52
Q

root functions

A

anchorage
support
absorption
nutrient storage

53
Q

tap root

A

persists throughout the plant’s life, has a vertical growing primary root

54
Q

fibrous root

A

begins with the radicle, but the primary root stops growing and rots away

55
Q

root apical meristem

A

area of cell division protected by the root cap

56
Q

new cells only have…

A

primary cell walls

57
Q

stem functions

A

support
conduction
photosynthesis (green only)
food storage

58
Q

nodes

A

points of attachment

59
Q

internode

A

area between two nodes; elongates early in development to ensure leaf separation

60
Q

auxiliary bud

A

area between leaf and stem; gives rise to a new shoot

61
Q

secondary growth

A

increase in thickness or girth by cell division

62
Q

secondary meristem

A

vascular cambium & cork cambium

63
Q

stem vascular cambium

A

divides into secondary xylem and secondary phloem

64
Q

bark consists of…

A

all tissue external to the vascular cambium

65
Q

inner bark

A

secondary phloem, the cortex, and the phelloderm

66
Q

outer bark

A

cork cambium and everything else

67
Q

wood consists of…

A

original pith, primary xylem, and secondary xylem

68
Q

heartwood

A

oldest layers of secondary xylem which NO longer conduct water

69
Q

sapwood

A

water-conducting xylem in the periphery of heartwood

70
Q

the terminal bud of the winter twig is…

A

protected by bud scales

71
Q

lateral (axial) buds

A

can give rise to branching

72
Q

main types of branching

A

monopodial & sympodial

73
Q

monopodial

A

buds do NOT degrade and all shoots continue to grow

74
Q

sympodial

A

terminal buds degrade and lateral buds closest to the apex become the new terminal shoot

75
Q

leaves arise from the shoot apical meristem through…

A

leaf primordia

76
Q

true leaves

A

subtend an auxiliary bud at their base and are lateral

77
Q

leaf morphology

A

blade, petiole, midrib

78
Q

petiolate leaves

A

leaves containing visible petiole

79
Q

sessile leaves

A

leaves without visible petiole

80
Q

peltate leaves

A

special type of petiolate leaves; petiole attaches underneath the blade

81
Q

perfoliate leaves

A

special type of sessile leaves; the stem passes through the center of the blade

82
Q

phyllotaxy

A

arrangement of leaves on the stem

83
Q

alternate

A

one leaf per node

84
Q

opposite (deccusate)

A

pair of opposite leaves rotated at 90*

85
Q

opposite (distichous)

A

pair of opposite leaves in the same plane

86
Q

whorled

A

three or more leaves per node

87
Q

simple leaf

A

blade is undivided

88
Q

compound leaf

A

blade is completely divided into leaflets

89
Q

palmately compound

A

leaflets radiate from a single point

90
Q

pinnately compound

A

leaves originate from the midrib (feather-like)

91
Q

doubly compound

A

rachis originate from midrib and then divide into leaflets

92
Q

parallel venation

A

veins run longitudinally

93
Q

pinnate venation

A

branch from main vein

94
Q

palmate venation

A

arise from a single point at base of leaf

95
Q

plant morphology

A

study of physical form and external structure of plants

96
Q

plant anatomy

A

study of tissues and cell structure of plant organs

97
Q

anatomy of herbaceous stems are…

A

produced by primary growth

BOT 3015 (3 decks)

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