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Plant Propagation > Exam #1 Plant Prop. > Flashcards

Exam #1 Plant Prop. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the seven habits of successful plant propagators?

A
  1. Manage the environment aggressively
  2. Sanitation is a daily detail
  3. Plan to be successful
  4. Communicate openly
  5. Put people first
  6. Be innovative
  7. Be profitable
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2
Q

What is the difference between a complete and an incomplete flower?

A

A complete flower has sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, both male and female parts. An incomplete flower lacks one or more reproductive structure. Incomplete flowers may also have male and female reproductive structures on separate flowers.

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3
Q

From the outside in, name the anatomical structures of a bean seed.

A

Seedcoat, epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle, cotyledon.

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4
Q

What are the four germination stages?

A
  1. Radical emergence
  2. Fadical emergence to flat cotyledons
  3. Flat cotyledons to first true leaves
  4. First leaves to a transplantable size.
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5
Q

What is exogenous dormancy?

A

Exogenous dormancy is dormancy that results from a hard seed coat or a waxy coating over the seed coat. The physical barrier must be broken down by either scarification, acid treatments or hot water soaking.

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6
Q

What is endogenous dormancy?

A

Endogenous dormancy is dormancy due to something inside the seed. For example, the plant embryo is immature, a biochemical imbalance or the presence of inhibitors. You can break dormancy by providing warm moist conditions and wait for the seed to mature which can take up to twelve weeks.

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7
Q

What is ecodormancy?

A

ecodormancy means that the plant embryo is dormant while external conditions are not favorable.

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8
Q

What are the three most common seed viability tests?

A

Germination test, TZ test, cutting test.

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9
Q

What is the goal of seed storage?

A

To prolong the life of the seed so that it germinates at a favorable time .

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10
Q

What are the three main factors of seed storage?

A
  1. Average moisture inside the seed is between 8 and 15 percent.
  2. The balance of atmospheric gasses in the storage environment: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen.
  3. Temperatures should stay between 35 and 40 degrees F.
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11
Q

What is the difference between a seed vault and a seed library?

A

A seed vault is a facility that provides long-term storage of duplicates of seeds conserved in gene banks around the world and is not open to the public. A seed library is a community resource providing free seeds to anyone who wants them.

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12
Q

Soil moisture level 5

A

The substrate is completely saturated and appears black and shiny

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13
Q

Soil moisture level 4

A

The substrate is at maximum water-holding capacity, and appears dark

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14
Q

Soil moisture level 3

A

The substrate is drying due to plant uptake and will look brown and lightweight.

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15
Q

Soil moisture level 2

A

The substrate appears light brown to tan and is very lightweight.

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16
Q

soil moisture level 1

A

The substrate is completely dry and tan- gray

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17
Q

There can be a ( ?) difference between soil and air temperatures

A

10 degrees

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18
Q

How can you heat your growing media?

A

A boiler system with hot water pipes under your benches, heat mats, and electric hotbeds.

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19
Q

What are the four most common soil pH tests?

A

The pour-through method, saturated media method, dry testing,1:2 dilution method.

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20
Q

What are some important guidelines to follow when collecting native seeds?

A
  1. Never take more than ten percent of seeds from one plant or group of plants.
  2. Don’t collect seeds when it is raining or shortly after a rain.
  3. Never collect seeds from threatened or endangered species.
  4. Only collect seeds on your property and beside the road, Make sure you have permission to collect seeds on private property or state / federal property.
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21
Q

What is the definition of a seed treatment?

A

A treatment of the seed with either a biological or chemical agent or by physical methods.

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22
Q

What is seed priming?

A

Seed priming involves soaking the seed in water overnight to help the seed Imbibe water. This seed treatment aids in quicker germination in breaking ecodormancy.

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23
Q

What is a seed coating?

A

Seed coatings can help keep nutrients close to the seed, can help protect against leaching with insecticides, and can increase the shelf life of treated and untreated seeds

24
Q

What is a fungicide?

A

A fungicide is a treatment that is designed to kill fungal pathogens.

25
Q

what is a bio- fungicide?

A

A strain of bacteria that is applied as a powder to seeds. The bacteria or the byproduct of the bacteria will prevent damage from fungi by killing spores.

26
Q

What is the definition of integrated pest management?

A

Integrated pest management is a pest management strategy that utilizes a wide range of pest control methods and tactics.

27
Q

What are the components of IPM?

A
  1. identify
  2. understand pest biology
  3. monitor pests
  4. set a goal
  5. take action
  6. record and evaluate
28
Q

From the bottom up, what are the components of the IPM triangle?

A

Prevention, sanitation, physical or mechanical, biological, and chemical.

29
Q

What are the symptoms of damping off?

A

A milky white substance inside of the seed, The radical does not emerge or is small and shriveled, The stem of the seedling turns gray or black and/or collapses

30
Q

Damping off is caused by (?) different ( ? ?)

A

4, fungal pathogens

31
Q

What are some ways to avoid damping off

A

Make sure your soil is sanitized and well-drained, utilize seed treatments, control moisture levels very closely, and monitor temperatures very closely.

32
Q

how can I prevent fungus gnats?

A

Sanitize pots, surfaces, and floors. Check your soil mix and make sure it has good drainage. Make sure your growing space has good drainage areas and reduce soil moisture levels as soon as possible.

33
Q

Define a plug

A

A young plant grown from seed

34
Q

define a liner

A

A liner is a young plant that is grown from vegetative tissue primarily propagated as stem cuttings, leaf cuttings, or tissue cultures.

35
Q

What is a stock plant?

A

a stock print is the parent plant of the liner

36
Q

define weaning

A

Reducing the amount of water given to cuttings so that they become less dependent on high and moisture levels.

37
Q

What are the first five steps of producing liners?

A
  1. Stock plant production
  2. Harvesting
  3. Shipping
  4. Receiving and storage
  5. Sticking cuttings
38
Q

What are the appropriate temperatures for storing cuttings?

A

Tropical plants should be stored between 55 and 65 degrees. Temperate plans should be stored between 50 and 55 degrees. And cool-season plans should be stored between 40 and 50 degrees.

39
Q

What is the difference between stem cuttings and leaf cuttings?

A

For a stem cutting you will start from the top of the stem count downward four nodes and cut the stem just above the 4th node. With a leaf cutting, you will cut the leaves just above the soil surface, and trim so only a short portion is left. Then you should turn the leaf over and make a 2 to 4 small cuts across the veins then plant the leaf with the veins touching the soil, these cuts are where the new roots will form.

40
Q

what are the growth stages for Liners (cuttings)?

A

Stage1: sticking to callous formation
Stage 2: callous to first roots
Stage 3: first roots to good root development
Stage 4: Toning/ Hardening off.

41
Q

What is Auxin

A

Auxinn is a family of plant hormones that plants produce naturally, Auxin is involved in cell elongation, regulation of apicaldominance, promoting fruit formation, promoting rooting formation, and wound response. Auxin is often applied to vegetative cuttings to promote root development (rooting hormone)

41
Q

What are some examples of preconditioning treatments for cuttings?

A

Cold storage of the material delays cutting material, dark conditioning of shoots prior to taking cuttings can improve rooting and root quality, the use of root hormone to improve rooting success.

42
Q

What are the environmental guidelines needed for stage 2 of liner development?

A

The goal is to move quickly from callous to root formation, humidity should be between 80 and 95%, soil temperature should be between 70 and 75 degrees, and you should reduce the misting frequency.

43
Q

What are the environmental guidelines needed for stage 3 of liner development?

A

The goal is to form healthy uniform roots, you should begin to decrease humidity, maintain warm soil between 70 and 75 degrees, allow moderate wilting and stress, and little to no air movement should be present.

44
Q

What are the environmental guidelines needed for stage 4 of liner development?

A

The goal is to tone and harden plants so they don’t experience shock during transplanting, you should reduce the humidity, reduce soil temperature and air temperatures, Begin wet/dry cycles, and also increase fertilizer.

45
Q

what are some challenges that large-scale plant propagators face?

A

Maintaining plants that cannot be shipped due to the customer, inventory management, labor, and space.

46
Q

What are the similarities between small-scale and large-scale plant propagation?

A

Plants, moisture levels, diseases, pests, integrated pest management practices.

47
Q

What are some differences between small scale and large scale plant propagation?

A
  • Average acres of small scale: 4
    Average acres of large-scale: 15-127
  • Avg. greenhouses small-scale: 2.3
    Avg greenhouses large scale: 4-41
  • Avg full-time workers small scale: 1.7
    Avg full-time workers large-scale: 4-19
48
Q

What are some examples of automation in plant propagation technologies?

A

Environmental controls such as automated vents, fans, heating/cooling, and CO2. Heat master and Mr. Coolbot, Auto stick machines, misting technology, and soil mixing machines.

49
Q

What is ethylene and why does it sometimes cause damage?

A

Ethylene is a naturally occurring plant hormone that accelerates ripening in some climacteric fruits, it also helps break seed dormancy and stimulates root growth. Excessive Ethylene can sometimes cause damage to plants and it will look like rotting from the center of the leaf and rotting where one leaf covers another leaf.

50
Q

What questions should I ask to know if my plants are damaged by ethylene?

A

Were there any delays in shipping? Were the plans shipped inside a container where ethylene can build? Are symptoms spread across most of the plant species in the shipment? are leaves yellow and dropping?

51
Q

What is botrytis?

A

Botrytis Is a plant disease that takes advantage of already damaged and diseased plants. Botrytis Looks like leaf spots, stem cankers, and mounds of gray fuzzy spores. Spores can be spread very fast so it is very important to keep up on sanitation of your growing space. If you find a plant that is affected you must throw away the plant along with any surrounding plants into a trash can with a lid to avoid the spreading of spores. Monitoring humidity and temperatures is also very important.

52
Q

What is Erwinia?

A

Erwinia is a plant disease that lives in the soil and spreads through water. The symptoms of Erwinia include rotting beginning at the base of the plant, the damaged area looking wet and collapsed, and smells like rotting fish. You can prevent this disease by using a sterile soil mix with good drainage and avoiding over watering.

53
Q

What are thrips?

A

Thrips are a common pest in plant propagation, They have a piercing-sucking mouth part that sucks the sugars out of the plant leaving them looking unfavorable. You can avoid thrips by doing regular scouting, biocontrol such as predatory nematodes, chemical controls, and cultural controls.

54
Q

What are the three causes for cutting failure that were discussed in the video from Fraser Valley Rose Farm?

A

Choosing a difficult plant, the technique used to take the cutting, and the growing environment (Light, temperature, soil moisture, humidity)

55
Q

What are some suggestions for your environment when propagating hardwood cuttings?

A

Lower temperatures, lower light intensity, less humidity and less soil moisture.

56
Q
A

Plant Propagation (4 decks)

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