Exam 1 - Part 3 Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
what are the components of soft tissues
A
collagen, water, ground substance and elastin
2
Q
is immature or mature collagen more stable?
A
Mature
3
Q
what is the half life of collagen
A
weeks to months
4
Q
what is collagen synthesized from
A
fibroblasts
5
Q
Collagen can stretch to ____ of its original length without breaking
A
110%
6
Q
elastin can stretch to ____ of its original length without breaking
A
150%
7
Q
what happens to elastin as we age?
A
loses resiliency, fragments and frays, can calcify, increase # of cross links
8
Q
an amorphous gel like substance that surrounds cells
A
ground substance
9
Q
what is another name for ground substance?
A
“Cement Substance”
10
Q
what are the contents of ground substance
A
GAG’s, plasma proteins, small proteins and water
11
Q
what makes up _____% of total connective tissue content
A
60-70%
12
Q
a __________ is a protein or peptide to which GAG’s are covalently attached
A
proteoglycan
13
Q
what are the 4 major GAG’s
A
hyaluronic acid, chrondritin sulfate, (6 and 4) and dermatan sulfate
14
Q
process by which water moves to areas of high solute concentration
A
osmosis
15
Q
hyaluronic acid + Water = a powerful _______
A
lubricant
16
Q
what maintains a critical distance between collagen fibers?
A
Water+Hyaluronic Acid Lubricant
- allows free gliding and prevents excessive cross linking
17
Q
local shape change under the effect of applied forces is called
A
Deformation
18
Q
when a structure is stretched longitudinally
A
tension
19
Q
when a load produces a force that pushes the material together, creating a deforming stress
A
compression
20
Q
combination of tensile and compressive loads
A
bending
21
Q
when a load is applied parallel to the surface of the structure
A
shear
22
Q
parallel forces in opposite directions about the long axis that cause twisting/rotation
A
torsion
23
Q
which component of the body tends to bear tensile loads
A
annular fibers
24
Q
when a strong contraction of the triceps surae muscle causes an avulsion at the calcaneos which type of force caused the fracture
A
tensile force
25
compressive forces are trasmitted to the _____ and ____ in the spine
Vertebral body and IVD
26
the _________ dissipates the compressive force in the spine by redirecting it outward radially
Nucleus Pulposus
27
Mechanical Failure first occurs in the ________ causing __________
Cartilaginous End Plate causing nuclear herniation (Schmorl's Node)
28
additional failure to withstand compressive forces = ______
compression fracture
29
what type of force causes a Schmorls Node
Compressive
30
what type of force causes an anterior collapse of the vertebral body or end plate
Compression (in flexion)
31
compressive loads in extension are transmitted through the ______ leading to ___________
facets, capsular injuries
32
compressive loads applied with torque around the long axis (rotation) can produce ____________
circumferential tears in the annular fibers of the IVD
33
Compression + Rotation = ___________
annular fiber tear
34
Which type of force is a combination of compression and tension
bending
35
Which type of force usually causes long bone fractures?
Bending
36
What type of force most often causes cancellous bone fractures?
Shear
37
What fibers in the spine resist shear forces?
facet joints and annulus fibrosis
38
What structure in the body provides 90% of the resistance to torque of a motion segment in the human body?
IVD
| Mostly the annulus
39
excessive rotational force can result in failure of any of the elements that resist rotation - list some examples
Facet joint, pars interarticularis, capsular tears, annulus
40
what type of fracture is the result of torsion load failure?
spiral fracture
41
the force per unit area of a structure - measure the intensity of the force
Stress
42
the change in length, angle or shape when subjected to loading - a measure of the degree of deformation
strain
43
maximum stress a tissue can withstand without permanent deformation
Stress
44
stress at the point of a material beyond which permanent deformation will occur
yield point
45
the maximal stress that a material can withstand prior to the initiation of failure
ultimate strength
46
the stress at which the material actually breaks or ruptures
failure strength
47
force per unit area required to deform a material. Represented by the steepness (slope) of the stress/strain curve
Ductility
48
a tissue that will fail at low stress but can withstand a large strain is considered to be __________
ductile (pliant)
49
a tissue that can withstand high stress but with fail with relatively low strain
Brittle (Stiff)
50
the total energy required to cause material to fail
toughness
51
how can toughness be estimated??
by measuring the total area under the stress/strain curve
52
which tissue in the body is more brittle, very strong but has a low overall toughness
Bone
53
Which tissue in the body is moderate for strength and ductility but has a high overall toughness
tendons
54
which tissue in the body is more pliant, has a lower strength and a moderate overall toughness
ligament
55
the ability to return to the original shape when the load is removed
elasticity
56
the point at which the applied stress can lead to permanent deformation
yield point
57
the nonlinear response of the material after the yield point - some degree of deformation will persist after removal of the stress
plastic region
58
property of materials to resist loads that produce shear or tensile forces
viscosity
59
linear deformation produced by tensile stress remains even after the stress is removed (Puddy like behavior)
Visscous (plastic) stretch
60
when a material shows both properties of viscosity and elasticity
Viscoelasticity
61
continued deformation over time when constantly loaded - occurs due to the expulsion of water
creep
62
the corresponding eventual decrease in stress that will occur as fluid is no longer exuded
relaxation
63
energy lost (heat) exhibited by viscoelastic material when they are subjected to loading and unloading cycles
Hysteresis
64
which region is associated with normal range of motion and the small amount of force required to remove the "crimping or slack" in the tissue
Toe region
65
which region comes after the toe region and the tissue is still elastic during this time. small amounts of damage are a grade 1 sprain
Micro- Failure
66
the magnitude of stress on the load deformation curve at which appreciable deformation takes place without any appreciable increase in load
yield stress (The stress when plastic deformation starts)
67
what is it called when the tissues undergo plastic deformation
grade two sprain
68
what is it called when eventually the tissue ruptires
Grade 3 sprain
69
which phase of tissue healing occurs during the first 72 hours and includes pain, swelling, redness and increased temperature
inflammation
70
which phase of healing occurs form 48 hours to 6 weeks and has fibro-elastic / collagen forming occruing
Repair
71
Which phase of healing occurs 3 weeks to 12 months after injury and has remodeling of collagen to increase functional abilities
Remodeling
72
a ________ is an overexertion or stress on contractile tissues
Strain
73
which muscles are most at risk for strains?
fusiform muscles crossing 2 joints (e.g. hamstrings, rectus femoris, medial gastrocnemius and biceps brachii)
74
what are some characteristics of a grade 1 strain
```
a few fibers are torn,
minor weakness and loss of function
slightly painful to contract
no palpable defect
decreased range of motion
```
75
what are some characteristics of a grade two strain
```
1/4-1/2 of the muscle/tendon is torn
moderate to major weakness and loss of function
painful to contract
no palpable defect
decreased range of motion
```
76
what are some characteristics of a grade three strain
```
all fibers are torn
major weakness and loss of function
either minor or no pain (nothing to stress)
may be palpable defect
increased range of motion
```
77
a ______ is an overexertion or stress on non-contractile tissues
sprain
| (occurs to ligament or capsule)
78
what are some characteristics of a grade 1 sprain
```
few fibers are torn
minor weakness
painful to stretch
no main mid range
no palpable defect
decreased range of motion
```
79
what are some characteristics of a grade 2 sprain
```
1/4-1/2 of the ligament is torn
moderate to major weakness and loss of function
no pain mid range
no palpable defect
decreased range of motion
```
80
what are some characteristics of a grade 3 sprain
```
all fibers are torn
major weakness and loss of function; Unstable
minor or no pain
may be palpable defect
possible increased range of motion
```
81
when the capsule has the most slack and the joint is at its resting position, this is considered the _________
loose pack position
82
when in the ________ the joint has no possible accessory movements - joint surfaces are in the closest approximation and the capsule and ligaments are maximally stressed
close pack position
83
the pattern of restriction in a joint due to limitations in capsule restrictions
```
capsular pattern (joint restriction)
** any joint with a capsule has a capsular pattern
```
84
a joint may become excessively restricted due to adhesions in the capsule is called...
adhesive capsulitis
85
non capsular patterns can arise from several abnormalities such as...
Joint mice
impingements
plica
other internal derrangements
