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Biomechanics > Exam 1 - Part 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of soft tissues

A

collagen, water, ground substance and elastin

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2
Q

is immature or mature collagen more stable?

A

Mature

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3
Q

what is the half life of collagen

A

weeks to months

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4
Q

what is collagen synthesized from

A

fibroblasts

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5
Q

Collagen can stretch to ____ of its original length without breaking

A

110%

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6
Q

elastin can stretch to ____ of its original length without breaking

A

150%

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7
Q

what happens to elastin as we age?

A

loses resiliency, fragments and frays, can calcify, increase # of cross links

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8
Q

an amorphous gel like substance that surrounds cells

A

ground substance

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9
Q

what is another name for ground substance?

A

“Cement Substance”

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10
Q

what are the contents of ground substance

A

GAG’s, plasma proteins, small proteins and water

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11
Q

what makes up _____% of total connective tissue content

A

60-70%

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12
Q

a __________ is a protein or peptide to which GAG’s are covalently attached

A

proteoglycan

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13
Q

what are the 4 major GAG’s

A

hyaluronic acid, chrondritin sulfate, (6 and 4) and dermatan sulfate

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14
Q

process by which water moves to areas of high solute concentration

A

osmosis

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15
Q

hyaluronic acid + Water = a powerful _______

A

lubricant

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16
Q

what maintains a critical distance between collagen fibers?

A

Water+Hyaluronic Acid Lubricant

- allows free gliding and prevents excessive cross linking

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17
Q

local shape change under the effect of applied forces is called

A

Deformation

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18
Q

when a structure is stretched longitudinally

A

tension

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19
Q

when a load produces a force that pushes the material together, creating a deforming stress

A

compression

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20
Q

combination of tensile and compressive loads

A

bending

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21
Q

when a load is applied parallel to the surface of the structure

A

shear

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22
Q

parallel forces in opposite directions about the long axis that cause twisting/rotation

A

torsion

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23
Q

which component of the body tends to bear tensile loads

A

annular fibers

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24
Q

when a strong contraction of the triceps surae muscle causes an avulsion at the calcaneos which type of force caused the fracture

A

tensile force

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25
Q

compressive forces are trasmitted to the _____ and ____ in the spine

A

Vertebral body and IVD

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26
Q

the _________ dissipates the compressive force in the spine by redirecting it outward radially

A

Nucleus Pulposus

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27
Q

Mechanical Failure first occurs in the ________ causing __________

A

Cartilaginous End Plate causing nuclear herniation (Schmorl’s Node)

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28
Q

additional failure to withstand compressive forces = ______

A

compression fracture

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29
Q

what type of force causes a Schmorls Node

A

Compressive

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30
Q

what type of force causes an anterior collapse of the vertebral body or end plate

A

Compression (in flexion)

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31
Q

compressive loads in extension are transmitted through the ______ leading to ___________

A

facets, capsular injuries

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32
Q

compressive loads applied with torque around the long axis (rotation) can produce ____________

A

circumferential tears in the annular fibers of the IVD

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33
Q

Compression + Rotation = ___________

A

annular fiber tear

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34
Q

Which type of force is a combination of compression and tension

A

bending

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35
Q

Which type of force usually causes long bone fractures?

A

Bending

36
Q

What type of force most often causes cancellous bone fractures?

A

Shear

37
Q

What fibers in the spine resist shear forces?

A

facet joints and annulus fibrosis

38
Q

What structure in the body provides 90% of the resistance to torque of a motion segment in the human body?

A

IVD

Mostly the annulus

39
Q

excessive rotational force can result in failure of any of the elements that resist rotation - list some examples

A

Facet joint, pars interarticularis, capsular tears, annulus

40
Q

what type of fracture is the result of torsion load failure?

A

spiral fracture

41
Q

the force per unit area of a structure - measure the intensity of the force

A

Stress

42
Q

the change in length, angle or shape when subjected to loading - a measure of the degree of deformation

A

strain

43
Q

maximum stress a tissue can withstand without permanent deformation

A

Stress

44
Q

stress at the point of a material beyond which permanent deformation will occur

A

yield point

45
Q

the maximal stress that a material can withstand prior to the initiation of failure

A

ultimate strength

46
Q

the stress at which the material actually breaks or ruptures

A

failure strength

47
Q

force per unit area required to deform a material. Represented by the steepness (slope) of the stress/strain curve

A

Ductility

48
Q

a tissue that will fail at low stress but can withstand a large strain is considered to be __________

A

ductile (pliant)

49
Q

a tissue that can withstand high stress but with fail with relatively low strain

A

Brittle (Stiff)

50
Q

the total energy required to cause material to fail

A

toughness

51
Q

how can toughness be estimated??

A

by measuring the total area under the stress/strain curve

52
Q

which tissue in the body is more brittle, very strong but has a low overall toughness

A

Bone

53
Q

Which tissue in the body is moderate for strength and ductility but has a high overall toughness

A

tendons

54
Q

which tissue in the body is more pliant, has a lower strength and a moderate overall toughness

A

ligament

55
Q

the ability to return to the original shape when the load is removed

A

elasticity

56
Q

the point at which the applied stress can lead to permanent deformation

A

yield point

57
Q

the nonlinear response of the material after the yield point - some degree of deformation will persist after removal of the stress

A

plastic region

58
Q

property of materials to resist loads that produce shear or tensile forces

A

viscosity

59
Q

linear deformation produced by tensile stress remains even after the stress is removed (Puddy like behavior)

A

Visscous (plastic) stretch

60
Q

when a material shows both properties of viscosity and elasticity

A

Viscoelasticity

61
Q

continued deformation over time when constantly loaded - occurs due to the expulsion of water

A

creep

62
Q

the corresponding eventual decrease in stress that will occur as fluid is no longer exuded

A

relaxation

63
Q

energy lost (heat) exhibited by viscoelastic material when they are subjected to loading and unloading cycles

A

Hysteresis

64
Q

which region is associated with normal range of motion and the small amount of force required to remove the “crimping or slack” in the tissue

A

Toe region

65
Q

which region comes after the toe region and the tissue is still elastic during this time. small amounts of damage are a grade 1 sprain

A

Micro- Failure

66
Q

the magnitude of stress on the load deformation curve at which appreciable deformation takes place without any appreciable increase in load

A

yield stress (The stress when plastic deformation starts)

67
Q

what is it called when the tissues undergo plastic deformation

A

grade two sprain

68
Q

what is it called when eventually the tissue ruptires

A

Grade 3 sprain

69
Q

which phase of tissue healing occurs during the first 72 hours and includes pain, swelling, redness and increased temperature

A

inflammation

70
Q

which phase of healing occurs form 48 hours to 6 weeks and has fibro-elastic / collagen forming occruing

A

Repair

71
Q

Which phase of healing occurs 3 weeks to 12 months after injury and has remodeling of collagen to increase functional abilities

A

Remodeling

72
Q

a ________ is an overexertion or stress on contractile tissues

A

Strain

73
Q

which muscles are most at risk for strains?

A

fusiform muscles crossing 2 joints (e.g. hamstrings, rectus femoris, medial gastrocnemius and biceps brachii)

74
Q

what are some characteristics of a grade 1 strain

A 
a few fibers are torn, 
minor weakness and loss of function
slightly painful to contract
no palpable defect
decreased range of motion
75
Q

what are some characteristics of a grade two strain

A 
1/4-1/2 of the muscle/tendon is torn
moderate to major weakness and loss of function
painful to contract
no palpable defect
decreased range of motion
76
Q

what are some characteristics of a grade three strain

A 
all fibers are torn
major weakness and loss of function
either minor or no pain (nothing to stress)
may be palpable defect
increased range of motion
77
Q

a ______ is an overexertion or stress on non-contractile tissues

A

sprain

(occurs to ligament or capsule)

78
Q

what are some characteristics of a grade 1 sprain

A 
few fibers are torn
minor weakness
painful to stretch
no main mid range
no palpable defect
decreased range of motion
79
Q

what are some characteristics of a grade 2 sprain

A 
1/4-1/2 of the ligament is torn
moderate to major weakness and loss of function
no pain mid range
no palpable defect
decreased range of motion
80
Q

what are some characteristics of a grade 3 sprain

A 
all fibers are torn
major weakness and loss of function; Unstable
minor or no pain
may be palpable defect
possible increased range of motion
81
Q

when the capsule has the most slack and the joint is at its resting position, this is considered the _________

A

loose pack position

82
Q

when in the ________ the joint has no possible accessory movements - joint surfaces are in the closest approximation and the capsule and ligaments are maximally stressed

A

close pack position

83
Q

the pattern of restriction in a joint due to limitations in capsule restrictions

A 
capsular pattern (joint restriction)
 ** any joint with a capsule has a capsular pattern
84
Q

a joint may become excessively restricted due to adhesions in the capsule is called…

A

adhesive capsulitis

85
Q

non capsular patterns can arise from several abnormalities such as…

A

Joint mice
impingements
plica
other internal derrangements

Biomechanics (3 decks)

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