Exam 1 Part 2 Flashcards
What is the term for abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the capillaries?
extracellular edema
T/F: Increased capillary filtration results in the increase in the permeability and surface area of the capillary.
True
With extracellular edema, fibrous tissue in the parenchymal cells results in these cells not being able to produce enough plasma proteins which results in what condition?
cirrhosis of the liver
T/F: loss of proteins in the urine due to kidney disease can result in nephrotic syndrome.
True
T/F: Renal diseases can cause damage to the glomeruli resulting in membranes blocking passage of proteins into the urine.
False; results in leaky membranes allowing passage of proteins into the urine.
T/F: With extracellular edema, increased capillary pressure can result in reduced kidney retention of salt and water.
False; can result in excessive kidney retention of salt and water
T/F: Extracellular edema can involve decreased plasma proteins, increased capillary permeability, and decreased lymph return.
true
T/F: Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure in loose subcutaneous tissues of the body is less than atmospheric pressure and creates a “suction” that holds the tissue together.
True
If interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure in looses subcutaneous tissues is in the negative range, is that a small or a large interstitial hydrostatic pressure?
large
T/F: Edema helps to protect the body by decreasing lymph flow.
False; actually increases lymph flow
T/F: “washdown” is damaging to the body.
False; protects the body
T/F: as we increase interstitial fluid pressure, lymph flow increases which results in a decrease in interstitium protein concentration.
True
T/F: a decrease in interstitium protein concentration decreases the osmotic pressure.
True
T/F: The negative hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid in loose subcutaneous tissues, increased lymph flow, and washdown of proteins are all safety factors that increase edema.
False; these are safety factors that prevent edema
T/F: Kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space and around the L1-L4 vertebra.
True
Where are the cortex and medulla?
Cortex is outer; you should look at a picture if you don’t know
How many renal pyramids are in the medulla of each kidney?
8-10; know the major/minor calyces
T/F: Calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter all contract to propel urine to the bladder,
True
How much of the cardiac output is kidney blood flow?
22% (1100 ml/min on avg)
What is the order of Kidney blood flow beginning with the renal artery going in?
Renal artery->interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> interlobar arterioles-> afferent arterioles -> Glomerular capillaries -> Efferent arteriole -> Peritubular capillaries
RIA In A GEP
What is unique about kidney blood flow?
there are two capillary beds
What are the two capillary beds of the kidneys?
glomerular and peritubular capillaries
Which have higher hydrostatic pressure, glomerular or peritubular capillaries?
glomerular capillaries
Which causes rapid fluid filtration, glomerular or peritubular capillaries?
glomerular capillaries
Which allows for rapid fluid reabsorption, glomerular or peritubular capillaries?
peritubular capillaries
What is the order of kidney blood flow going out beginning with the peritubular capillaries?
peritubular caps -> interlobar vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobular vein -> renal vein
PI AIR
What is the functional unit of the kidney>
nephron
Be able to label that diagram in the notes around the nephron material.
Especially, Afferent arteriole from the renal artery, glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Proximal tubule, Peritubular capillaries, Distal tubule, Collecting duct, Loop of Henle, and the efferent areteriole from glomerulus
T/F: The kidney cannot regenerate new nephrons.
true
T/F: After 40 years old, there is a decrease of fxn nephrons of 10% every 10 years.
True
What capillaries are encased in Bowman’s capsule?
Glomerular capillaries
What is the order of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries?
Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, macula densa, distal tubule, connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct, medullary collecting duct, and finally, renal pelvis through tips of the renal papillae.
What are the 2 different structural types of nephron?
cortical nephron, and juxtamedullary nephron
Which structural type of nephron are the short loops of Henle? long loops of Henle?
short-Cortical
Long-Juxtamedullary
(Juxtamedullary is a longer word than cortical)
T/F: Most nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons.
False; 20-30% are juxtamedullary, 70-80% are cortical
What condition is caused by different disorders that damage the kidney, causing release of excess proteins in the urine?
Nephrotic Syndrome
Along with protein in the urine, what other sign is associated with Nephrotic Syndrome?
Foamy urine
With Nephrotic Syndrome, what is the MC protein found in the urine?
Albumin
T/F: UTIs caused by bacterial infection are commonly associated with Cystitis.
True
What condition is characterized by an acute infection of the renal pelvis or pernchyma usually due to an ascendin infection (UTI)?
Pyelonephritis
What is the condition that commonly causes kidney stones?
Nephrolithiasis
What are the MC types of kidney stones?
calcium oxilate or calcium phosphate
T/F: Predisposition to having kidney stones runs in families.,
True
What is PKD?
Polycystic kidney disease - a genetic disorder that causes formation and enlargement of cysts in the kidneys
T/F: The micturition reflex is a nervous reflex that occurs after tension of the bladder wall raises above a threshold level.
True
What is the important muscle associated with the bladder?
detrusor muscle
T/F: the detrusor muscle is smooth muscle and its fibers are intertwined.
True
T/F: the detrusor muscle has a high-resistance to electrical impulse between muscle cells.
False; low-resistance which is why the whole bladder empties at once
What is the structure located on the posterior wall of the bladder, above the bladder neck?
trigone
What is noticeably different about the trigone of the bladder?
It is smooth; the rest is folded
T/F: the tone of the detrusor shuts down the ureters and prevents backflow of urine.
True
What muscle is located in the neck of the bladder and is composed of the detrusor muscle and elastic tissue?
internal sphincter
What muscles prevents emptying of the bladder until the pressure rises above the critical threshold?
internal sphincter
T/F: the urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm.
True
T/F: the external sphincter muscles is smooth muscle and under voluntary control.
True
What is the innervation of the bladder?
pelvic nerves through the sacral plexus (S2, S3 cord segments)
What nerve innervates the external bladder sphincter?
Pudendal nerve
T/F: Urine flows from the nephron to the collecting ducts to the renal calyces to the ureters to the bladder.
True
T/F: Urine flow from the collecting ducts to the renal calyces causes peristaltic contractions.
True
What causes the micturition reflex?
sensory stretch receptors are initiated as the bladder fills with urine
T/F: the micturition reflex is regenerative.
True, the cycle repeats multiple times
T/F: if the bladder is not emptied, the micturition reflex can be inhibited for minutes or even hours.
True
T/F: the micturition reflex is an autonomic reflex.
True
What part of the brain can inhibit or facilitate urination?
centers in the pons and cerebral cortex
What has the final control of micturition?
higher centers (pons and cerebral cortex)
How can urination be voluntary?
When a person contracts the abdominal muscles it increases the pressure in the bladder which stimulates stretch receptors.
