Exam 1 Part 2

Question 1

What is the term for abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the capillaries?

Answer 1

extracellular edema

Question 2

T/F: Increased capillary filtration results in the increase in the permeability and surface area of the capillary.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

With extracellular edema, fibrous tissue in the parenchymal cells results in these cells not being able to produce enough plasma proteins which results in what condition?

Answer 3

cirrhosis of the liver

Question 4

T/F: loss of proteins in the urine due to kidney disease can result in nephrotic syndrome.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

T/F: Renal diseases can cause damage to the glomeruli resulting in membranes blocking passage of proteins into the urine.

Answer 5

False; results in leaky membranes allowing passage of proteins into the urine.

Question 6

T/F: With extracellular edema, increased capillary pressure can result in reduced kidney retention of salt and water.

Answer 6

False; can result in excessive kidney retention of salt and water

Question 7

T/F: Extracellular edema can involve decreased plasma proteins, increased capillary permeability, and decreased lymph return.

Answer 7

true

Question 8

T/F: Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure in loose subcutaneous tissues of the body is less than atmospheric pressure and creates a “suction” that holds the tissue together.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

If interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure in looses subcutaneous tissues is in the negative range, is that a small or a large interstitial hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 9

large

Question 10

T/F: Edema helps to protect the body by decreasing lymph flow.

Answer 10

False; actually increases lymph flow

Question 11

T/F: “washdown” is damaging to the body.

Answer 11

False; protects the body

Question 12

T/F: as we increase interstitial fluid pressure, lymph flow increases which results in a decrease in interstitium protein concentration.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

T/F: a decrease in interstitium protein concentration decreases the osmotic pressure.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

T/F: The negative hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid in loose subcutaneous tissues, increased lymph flow, and washdown of proteins are all safety factors that increase edema.

Answer 14

False; these are safety factors that prevent edema

Question 15

T/F: Kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space and around the L1-L4 vertebra.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Where are the cortex and medulla?

Answer 16

Cortex is outer; you should look at a picture if you don’t know

Question 17

How many renal pyramids are in the medulla of each kidney?

Answer 17

8-10; know the major/minor calyces

Question 18

T/F: Calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter all contract to propel urine to the bladder,

Answer 18

True

Question 19

How much of the cardiac output is kidney blood flow?

Answer 19

22% (1100 ml/min on avg)

Question 20

What is the order of Kidney blood flow beginning with the renal artery going in?

Answer 20

Renal artery->interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> interlobar arterioles-> afferent arterioles -> Glomerular capillaries -> Efferent arteriole -> Peritubular capillaries

RIA In A GEP

Question 21

What is unique about kidney blood flow?

Answer 21

there are two capillary beds

Question 22

What are the two capillary beds of the kidneys?

Answer 22

glomerular and peritubular capillaries

Question 23

Which have higher hydrostatic pressure, glomerular or peritubular capillaries?

Answer 23

glomerular capillaries

Question 24

Which causes rapid fluid filtration, glomerular or peritubular capillaries?

Answer 24

glomerular capillaries

Question 25

Which allows for rapid fluid reabsorption, glomerular or peritubular capillaries?

Answer 25

peritubular capillaries

Question 26

What is the order of kidney blood flow going out beginning with the peritubular capillaries?

Answer 26

peritubular caps -> interlobar vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobular vein -> renal vein PI AIR

Question 27

What is the functional unit of the kidney>

Answer 27

nephron

Question 28

Be able to label that diagram in the notes around the nephron material.

Answer 28

Especially, Afferent arteriole from the renal artery, glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, Proximal tubule, Peritubular capillaries, Distal tubule, Collecting duct, Loop of Henle, and the efferent areteriole from glomerulus

Question 29

T/F: The kidney cannot regenerate new nephrons.

Answer 29

true

Question 30

T/F: After 40 years old, there is a decrease of fxn nephrons of 10% every 10 years.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What capillaries are encased in Bowman's capsule?

Answer 31

Glomerular capillaries

Question 32

What is the order of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries?

Answer 32

Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, macula densa, distal tubule, connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct, medullary collecting duct, and finally, renal pelvis through tips of the renal papillae.

Question 33

What are the 2 different structural types of nephron?

Answer 33

cortical nephron, and juxtamedullary nephron

Question 34

Which structural type of nephron are the short loops of Henle? long loops of Henle?

Answer 34

short-Cortical Long-Juxtamedullary (Juxtamedullary is a longer word than cortical)

Question 35

T/F: Most nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons.

Answer 35

False; 20-30% are juxtamedullary, 70-80% are cortical

Question 36

What condition is caused by different disorders that damage the kidney, causing release of excess proteins in the urine?

Answer 36

Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 37

Along with protein in the urine, what other sign is associated with Nephrotic Syndrome?

Answer 37

Foamy urine

Question 38

With Nephrotic Syndrome, what is the MC protein found in the urine?

Answer 38

Albumin

Question 39

T/F: UTIs caused by bacterial infection are commonly associated with Cystitis.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

What condition is characterized by an acute infection of the renal pelvis or pernchyma usually due to an ascendin infection (UTI)?

Answer 40

Pyelonephritis

Question 41

What is the condition that commonly causes kidney stones?

Answer 41

Nephrolithiasis

Question 42

What are the MC types of kidney stones?

Answer 42

calcium oxilate or calcium phosphate

Question 43

T/F: Predisposition to having kidney stones runs in families.,

Answer 43

True

Question 44

What is PKD?

Answer 44

Polycystic kidney disease - a genetic disorder that causes formation and enlargement of cysts in the kidneys

Question 45

T/F: The micturition reflex is a nervous reflex that occurs after tension of the bladder wall raises above a threshold level.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

What is the important muscle associated with the bladder?

Answer 46

detrusor muscle

Question 47

T/F: the detrusor muscle is smooth muscle and its fibers are intertwined.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

T/F: the detrusor muscle has a high-resistance to electrical impulse between muscle cells.

Answer 48

False; low-resistance which is why the whole bladder empties at once

Question 49

What is the structure located on the posterior wall of the bladder, above the bladder neck?

Answer 49

trigone

Question 50

What is noticeably different about the trigone of the bladder?

Answer 50

It is smooth; the rest is folded

Question 51

T/F: the tone of the detrusor shuts down the ureters and prevents backflow of urine.

Answer 51

True

Question 52

What muscle is located in the neck of the bladder and is composed of the detrusor muscle and elastic tissue?

Answer 52

internal sphincter

Question 53

What muscles prevents emptying of the bladder until the pressure rises above the critical threshold?

Answer 53

internal sphincter

Question 54

T/F: the urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm.

Answer 54

True

Question 55

T/F: the external sphincter muscles is smooth muscle and under voluntary control.

Answer 55

True

Question 56

What is the innervation of the bladder?

Answer 56

pelvic nerves through the sacral plexus (S2, S3 cord segments)

Question 57

What nerve innervates the external bladder sphincter?

Answer 57

Pudendal nerve

Question 58

T/F: Urine flows from the nephron to the collecting ducts to the renal calyces to the ureters to the bladder.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

T/F: Urine flow from the collecting ducts to the renal calyces causes peristaltic contractions.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

What causes the micturition reflex?

Answer 60

sensory stretch receptors are initiated as the bladder fills with urine

Question 61

T/F: the micturition reflex is regenerative.

Answer 61

True, the cycle repeats multiple times

Question 62

T/F: if the bladder is not emptied, the micturition reflex can be inhibited for minutes or even hours.

Answer 62

True

Question 63

T/F: the micturition reflex is an autonomic reflex.

Answer 63

True

Question 64

What part of the brain can inhibit or facilitate urination?

Answer 64

centers in the pons and cerebral cortex

Question 65

What has the final control of micturition?

Answer 65

higher centers (pons and cerebral cortex)

Question 66

How can urination be voluntary?

Answer 66

When a person contracts the abdominal muscles it increases the pressure in the bladder which stimulates stretch receptors.