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Renal Physiology > Exam 1 Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 main renal functions?

A

Excretion, electrolyte balance, PH regulation, control of circulating volume, hormone secretion, gluconeogenesis

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2
Q

What are the Big 4 of Hormone secretion?

A

Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin), and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

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3
Q

T/F: Kidneys work to maintain a steady-state fluid volume.

A

True

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4
Q

What type of fluid makes up about 40% of total body weight?

A

Intracellular fluid (inside cells)

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5
Q

What type of fluid makes up about 20% of the total body weight?

A

extracellular fluid (plasma and interstitial fluid)

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6
Q

T/F: About 60% of a person’s total body weight is fluid.

A

True

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7
Q

Which type of fluid has high levels of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions?

A

Extracellular fluid

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8
Q

Which type of fluid has large amounts of potassium and phosphate ions?

A

Intracellular fluid

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9
Q

The net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a high water concentration to one that has a lower water concentration is known as what?

A

osmosis

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10
Q

1 mole of NaCl is equal to how many osmoles?

A

2 (1 osmole=1mole of a solute particle and NaCl has two particles)

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11
Q

T/F: Osmolarity is the number of osmoles per kilogram of water.

A

False; Osmolality is osmoles/Kg of water,

Osmolarity is osmoles per liter of water.

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12
Q

T/F: Urea and Ethanol are solutes that cause water movement across the cell membrane.

A

False, they do not.

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13
Q

What kind of solution will have intracellular and extracellular fluids in osmotic equlibrium?

A

isotonic solution

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14
Q

T/F: A solution that has a lower concentration of impermeant solutes than the cell is known as hypertonic fluid.

A

False; this is a hypotonic solution

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15
Q

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, will water move in or out of the cell?

A

Water will move into the cell

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16
Q

What kind of solution will have a higher concentration of impermeant solutes than the cell?

A

hypertonic solution

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17
Q

If a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution, will water move into or out of the cell?

A

out of the cell

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18
Q

What kind of solutions are considered isosmotic?

A

solutions with a fluid osmolarity equal to the cell

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19
Q

What kind of solutions are considered hyperosmotic?

A

solitons with a higher osmolarity than the normal extracellular fluid

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20
Q

What kind of solutions are considered hypo-osmotic?

A

solutions with a lower osmolarity than the normal extracellular fluid

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21
Q

T/F:Osmotic equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular compartments takes about 30 minutes.

A

False; it only takes seconds to minutes; whole body equilibrium takes about 30 minutes after ingestion of water

22
Q

After water is ingested and absorbed by the gut, it is transported to the tissues to create equilibrium. How long does this take?

A

about 30 minutes

23
Q

What are the 4 main reasons for dehydration?

A

not ingesting adequate fluids,
loss of fluid for GI tract,
Sweating,
fluid loss from kidneys

24
Q

What is a good indicator of a patient’s fluid status?

A

plasma sodium concentration

25
Q

Normally, what kind of ions will be found in the extracellular fluid? intracellular?

A

Na+, Ca++, Cl-, and HCO3;

K+, Mg+, Phosphate, and Sulfate

26
Q

T/F: Hypernatremia occurs when there is excess water or decreased sodium in the extracellular fluid.

A

False; this is hyponatremia

27
Q

T/F: Hyponatremia can result from overhydration or an excess secretion of ADH.

A

True; excess water retention and kidney tubules reabsorb too much water

28
Q

T/F: Hyponatremia can result from a decrease in serum sodium and an increase in serum water.

A

True

29
Q

T/F:Hyponatremia can result from an increase in both serum water and sodium.

A

True, but water increases more than sodium

30
Q

What is the most common electrolyte disorder seen in clinical practice and is accompanied by cell swelling?

A

hyponatremia

31
Q

T/F: Rapid cell swelling associated with hyponatremia has little effect on the brain.

A

False; has a major effect on the brain

32
Q

What symptoms are common of hyponatremia?

A

neurologic symptoms, headache, nausea, disorientation, brain damage and death

33
Q

How do tissues respond to hyponatremia?

A

by transporting solutes into the extracelluar compartments which slows tissue swelling

34
Q

T/F: a rapid correction of hyponatremia will result in nerve demyelination.

A

True

35
Q

What condition occurs from increaed plasma sodium concentrations?

A

Hypernatremia

36
Q

Loss of water from extracellular fluid and excess sodium in the extracellular fluid typically results in what condition?

A

Hypernatremia

37
Q

T/F: you should never give a patient who has hypernatremia sugar water or saline.

A

False; these are the things to give them, not pure water.

38
Q

T/F: Hypernatremia does not result in dehydration.

A

False; hypernatremia is a primary loss of water from extracellular fluid

39
Q

What condition is characterized by excreting large amounts of dilute urine?

A

diabetes insepidus

40
Q

T/F: prolonged exercise can cause hypernatremia.

A

True (sweating)

41
Q

T/F: excess sodium chloride added to extracellular fluid can occur from excess secretion of aldosterone.

A

True (causes the reabsorption of water and sodium in the kidneys

42
Q

T/F: hypernatremia results in cell swelling initially.

A

False; results in cell shrinkage initially

43
Q

T/F: hypernatremia can result from a decrease in serum sodium concentrations.l

A

False; from an increase

44
Q

T/F: hypernatremia can result from a decrease in both serum water and sodium.

A

True, but water decreases more than sodium

45
Q

Which is more common, hypernatremia or hyponatremia?

A

hyponatremia

46
Q

How does the body respond to hypernatremia?

A

by transporting solutes into the cells

47
Q

T/F: hypernatremia does not promote a strong thirst sensation.

A

False; it does

48
Q

Hyponatremia, depression of metabolic systems in the tissues, and decreased nutrition to the cells all cause what kind of edema?

A

intracellular edema

49
Q

How does decreased blood flow lead to tissue swelling/death?

A

Na leaks in and cannot be pumped out which causes osmosis of water into the cell

50
Q

T/f: inflammation increases cell membrane permeability.

A

True

51
Q

T/F: following inflammation, Na+ and other ions diffuse into the cells which results in water osmosis into the cells.

A

True, thus swelling

Renal Physiology (2 decks)

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