Exam 1 Part 1

Question 1

What are the 6 main renal functions?

Answer 1

Excretion, electrolyte balance, PH regulation, control of circulating volume, hormone secretion, gluconeogenesis

Question 2

What are the Big 4 of Hormone secretion?

Answer 2

Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin), and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Question 3

T/F: Kidneys work to maintain a steady-state fluid volume.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What type of fluid makes up about 40% of total body weight?

Answer 4

Intracellular fluid (inside cells)

Question 5

What type of fluid makes up about 20% of the total body weight?

Answer 5

extracellular fluid (plasma and interstitial fluid)

Question 6

T/F: About 60% of a person’s total body weight is fluid.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Which type of fluid has high levels of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions?

Answer 7

Extracellular fluid

Question 8

Which type of fluid has large amounts of potassium and phosphate ions?

Answer 8

Intracellular fluid

Question 9

The net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a high water concentration to one that has a lower water concentration is known as what?

Answer 9

osmosis

Question 10

1 mole of NaCl is equal to how many osmoles?

Answer 10

2 (1 osmole=1mole of a solute particle and NaCl has two particles)

Question 11

T/F: Osmolarity is the number of osmoles per kilogram of water.

Answer 11

False; Osmolality is osmoles/Kg of water,

Osmolarity is osmoles per liter of water.

Question 12

T/F: Urea and Ethanol are solutes that cause water movement across the cell membrane.

Answer 12

False, they do not.

Question 13

What kind of solution will have intracellular and extracellular fluids in osmotic equlibrium?

Answer 13

isotonic solution

Question 14

T/F: A solution that has a lower concentration of impermeant solutes than the cell is known as hypertonic fluid.

Answer 14

False; this is a hypotonic solution

Question 15

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, will water move in or out of the cell?

Answer 15

Water will move into the cell

Question 16

What kind of solution will have a higher concentration of impermeant solutes than the cell?

Answer 16

hypertonic solution

Question 17

If a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution, will water move into or out of the cell?

Answer 17

out of the cell

Question 18

What kind of solutions are considered isosmotic?

Answer 18

solutions with a fluid osmolarity equal to the cell

Question 19

What kind of solutions are considered hyperosmotic?

Answer 19

solitons with a higher osmolarity than the normal extracellular fluid

Question 20

What kind of solutions are considered hypo-osmotic?

Answer 20

solutions with a lower osmolarity than the normal extracellular fluid

Question 21

T/F:Osmotic equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular compartments takes about 30 minutes.

Answer 21

False; it only takes seconds to minutes; whole body equilibrium takes about 30 minutes after ingestion of water

Question 22

After water is ingested and absorbed by the gut, it is transported to the tissues to create equilibrium. How long does this take?

Answer 22

about 30 minutes

Question 23

What are the 4 main reasons for dehydration?

Answer 23

not ingesting adequate fluids,
loss of fluid for GI tract,
Sweating,
fluid loss from kidneys

Question 24

What is a good indicator of a patient’s fluid status?

Answer 24

plasma sodium concentration

Question 25

Normally, what kind of ions will be found in the extracellular fluid? intracellular?

Answer 25

Na+, Ca++, Cl-, and HCO3; | K+, Mg+, Phosphate, and Sulfate

Question 26

T/F: Hypernatremia occurs when there is excess water or decreased sodium in the extracellular fluid.

Answer 26

False; this is hyponatremia

Question 27

T/F: Hyponatremia can result from overhydration or an excess secretion of ADH.

Answer 27

True; excess water retention and kidney tubules reabsorb too much water

Question 28

T/F: Hyponatremia can result from a decrease in serum sodium and an increase in serum water.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

T/F:Hyponatremia can result from an increase in both serum water and sodium.

Answer 29

True, but water increases more than sodium

Question 30

What is the most common electrolyte disorder seen in clinical practice and is accompanied by cell swelling?

Answer 30

hyponatremia

Question 31

T/F: Rapid cell swelling associated with hyponatremia has little effect on the brain.

Answer 31

False; has a major effect on the brain

Question 32

What symptoms are common of hyponatremia?

Answer 32

neurologic symptoms, headache, nausea, disorientation, brain damage and death

Question 33

How do tissues respond to hyponatremia?

Answer 33

by transporting solutes into the extracelluar compartments which slows tissue swelling

Question 34

T/F: a rapid correction of hyponatremia will result in nerve demyelination.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What condition occurs from increaed plasma sodium concentrations?

Answer 35

Hypernatremia

Question 36

Loss of water from extracellular fluid and excess sodium in the extracellular fluid typically results in what condition?

Answer 36

Hypernatremia

Question 37

T/F: you should never give a patient who has hypernatremia sugar water or saline.

Answer 37

False; these are the things to give them, not pure water.

Question 38

T/F: Hypernatremia does not result in dehydration.

Answer 38

False; hypernatremia is a primary loss of water from extracellular fluid

Question 39

What condition is characterized by excreting large amounts of dilute urine?

Answer 39

diabetes insepidus

Question 40

T/F: prolonged exercise can cause hypernatremia.

Answer 40

True (sweating)

Question 41

T/F: excess sodium chloride added to extracellular fluid can occur from excess secretion of aldosterone.

Answer 41

True (causes the reabsorption of water and sodium in the kidneys

Question 42

T/F: hypernatremia results in cell swelling initially.

Answer 42

False; results in cell shrinkage initially

Question 43

T/F: hypernatremia can result from a decrease in serum sodium concentrations.l

Answer 43

False; from an increase

Question 44

T/F: hypernatremia can result from a decrease in both serum water and sodium.

Answer 44

True, but water decreases more than sodium

Question 45

Which is more common, hypernatremia or hyponatremia?

Answer 45

hyponatremia

Question 46

How does the body respond to hypernatremia?

Answer 46

by transporting solutes into the cells

Question 47

T/F: hypernatremia does not promote a strong thirst sensation.

Answer 47

False; it does

Question 48

Hyponatremia, depression of metabolic systems in the tissues, and decreased nutrition to the cells all cause what kind of edema?

Answer 48

intracellular edema

Question 49

How does decreased blood flow lead to tissue swelling/death?

Answer 49

Na leaks in and cannot be pumped out which causes osmosis of water into the cell

Question 50

T/f: inflammation increases cell membrane permeability.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

T/F: following inflammation, Na+ and other ions diffuse into the cells which results in water osmosis into the cells.

Answer 51

True, thus swelling