Exam 1 Part 1 Flashcards
What are the 6 main renal functions?
Excretion, electrolyte balance, PH regulation, control of circulating volume, hormone secretion, gluconeogenesis
What are the Big 4 of Hormone secretion?
Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin), and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
T/F: Kidneys work to maintain a steady-state fluid volume.
True
What type of fluid makes up about 40% of total body weight?
Intracellular fluid (inside cells)
What type of fluid makes up about 20% of the total body weight?
extracellular fluid (plasma and interstitial fluid)
T/F: About 60% of a person’s total body weight is fluid.
True
Which type of fluid has high levels of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions?
Extracellular fluid
Which type of fluid has large amounts of potassium and phosphate ions?
Intracellular fluid
The net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a high water concentration to one that has a lower water concentration is known as what?
osmosis
1 mole of NaCl is equal to how many osmoles?
2 (1 osmole=1mole of a solute particle and NaCl has two particles)
T/F: Osmolarity is the number of osmoles per kilogram of water.
False; Osmolality is osmoles/Kg of water,
Osmolarity is osmoles per liter of water.
T/F: Urea and Ethanol are solutes that cause water movement across the cell membrane.
False, they do not.
What kind of solution will have intracellular and extracellular fluids in osmotic equlibrium?
isotonic solution
T/F: A solution that has a lower concentration of impermeant solutes than the cell is known as hypertonic fluid.
False; this is a hypotonic solution
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, will water move in or out of the cell?
Water will move into the cell
What kind of solution will have a higher concentration of impermeant solutes than the cell?
hypertonic solution
If a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution, will water move into or out of the cell?
out of the cell
What kind of solutions are considered isosmotic?
solutions with a fluid osmolarity equal to the cell
What kind of solutions are considered hyperosmotic?
solitons with a higher osmolarity than the normal extracellular fluid
What kind of solutions are considered hypo-osmotic?
solutions with a lower osmolarity than the normal extracellular fluid
T/F:Osmotic equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular compartments takes about 30 minutes.
False; it only takes seconds to minutes; whole body equilibrium takes about 30 minutes after ingestion of water
After water is ingested and absorbed by the gut, it is transported to the tissues to create equilibrium. How long does this take?
about 30 minutes
What are the 4 main reasons for dehydration?
not ingesting adequate fluids,
loss of fluid for GI tract,
Sweating,
fluid loss from kidneys
What is a good indicator of a patient’s fluid status?
plasma sodium concentration
Normally, what kind of ions will be found in the extracellular fluid? intracellular?
Na+, Ca++, Cl-, and HCO3;
K+, Mg+, Phosphate, and Sulfate
T/F: Hypernatremia occurs when there is excess water or decreased sodium in the extracellular fluid.
False; this is hyponatremia
T/F: Hyponatremia can result from overhydration or an excess secretion of ADH.
True; excess water retention and kidney tubules reabsorb too much water
T/F: Hyponatremia can result from a decrease in serum sodium and an increase in serum water.
True
T/F:Hyponatremia can result from an increase in both serum water and sodium.
True, but water increases more than sodium
What is the most common electrolyte disorder seen in clinical practice and is accompanied by cell swelling?
hyponatremia
T/F: Rapid cell swelling associated with hyponatremia has little effect on the brain.
False; has a major effect on the brain
What symptoms are common of hyponatremia?
neurologic symptoms, headache, nausea, disorientation, brain damage and death
How do tissues respond to hyponatremia?
by transporting solutes into the extracelluar compartments which slows tissue swelling
T/F: a rapid correction of hyponatremia will result in nerve demyelination.
True
What condition occurs from increaed plasma sodium concentrations?
Hypernatremia
Loss of water from extracellular fluid and excess sodium in the extracellular fluid typically results in what condition?
Hypernatremia
T/F: you should never give a patient who has hypernatremia sugar water or saline.
False; these are the things to give them, not pure water.
T/F: Hypernatremia does not result in dehydration.
False; hypernatremia is a primary loss of water from extracellular fluid
What condition is characterized by excreting large amounts of dilute urine?
diabetes insepidus
T/F: prolonged exercise can cause hypernatremia.
True (sweating)
T/F: excess sodium chloride added to extracellular fluid can occur from excess secretion of aldosterone.
True (causes the reabsorption of water and sodium in the kidneys
T/F: hypernatremia results in cell swelling initially.
False; results in cell shrinkage initially
T/F: hypernatremia can result from a decrease in serum sodium concentrations.l
False; from an increase
T/F: hypernatremia can result from a decrease in both serum water and sodium.
True, but water decreases more than sodium
Which is more common, hypernatremia or hyponatremia?
hyponatremia
How does the body respond to hypernatremia?
by transporting solutes into the cells
T/F: hypernatremia does not promote a strong thirst sensation.
False; it does
Hyponatremia, depression of metabolic systems in the tissues, and decreased nutrition to the cells all cause what kind of edema?
intracellular edema
How does decreased blood flow lead to tissue swelling/death?
Na leaks in and cannot be pumped out which causes osmosis of water into the cell
T/f: inflammation increases cell membrane permeability.
True
T/F: following inflammation, Na+ and other ions diffuse into the cells which results in water osmosis into the cells.
True, thus swelling
