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Biomechanics Exam 1 > Exam 1 Part 1 (osteokinematics) > Flashcards

Exam 1 Part 1 (osteokinematics) Flashcards

1
Q

manipulation is what step in the therapeutic order?

A

step 4 (correct structural integrity)

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2
Q

At what week in development does the autonomic nervous system begin developing?

A

week 7

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3
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is at what spinal levels?

A

T1- L2

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4
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is at what spinal levels?

A

cranial and sacral levels

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5
Q

What are the four types of influences/nervous reflexes?

A

somato-visceral, viscero-somatic, viscero-viceral and psycho-somato-visceral

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6
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

the study of movement

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7
Q

What is biomechanics?

A

applying the principles of physics to human motion- with kinesiology, to help help evaluate structure and function

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8
Q

What are the two branches of kinematics?

A

osteokinematics (gross movement of joints within cardinal planes) and arthrokinematics (bone on bone motion within joints)

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9
Q

What are the two types of kinematic motions?

A

Translation (All parts of the body move) and Rotation (body parts move around a pivot point)

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10
Q

What are two types of translational motion?

A

rectilinear and curvilinear

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11
Q

What are two ways in which movement of the body (either translational or rotational) can be described?

A

passive or active

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12
Q

In anatomical position, in which direction are the palms facing?

A

forward

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13
Q

In what reference position are the palms facing the body?

A

fundamental position

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14
Q

The sagittal plane divides the body into ____ and _____

A

left and right

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15
Q

The frontal plane divides the body into _____ and ______

A

front and back (Anterior/Posterior)

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16
Q

The transverse (axial) pane divides the body into _____ and ______

A

upper and lower (superior/inferior)

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17
Q

If a limb moves within the coronal plane, what plane is the axis of rotation in?

A

the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. in this case, the sagittal plane

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18
Q

Flexion and Extension of the arm occur in the sagittal plane, where is the axis of rotation?

A

in the frontal (coronal) plane

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19
Q

Rotation that occurs in the transverse plane has an axis or rotation along the:

A

longitudinal axis

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20
Q

what is osteokinematics?

A

movement of joints within the three planes of motions

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21
Q

What are some examples of linear/gliding osteokinematic motion?

A

metacarpal and metatarsal joint movement, vertebral facet joint movement

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22
Q

What are six types of angular motion?

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, hyperextension, circumduction

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23
Q

does extension reduce or increase the angle between elements?

A

extension increases the angle (flexion decreases the angle)

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24
Q

What are two special types of osteokinematic motion at the arms?

A

supination and pronation

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25
Q

What are some types of special osteokinematic motion of the foot?

A

inversion, eversion, plantarflexion (extension), dorsiflexion (flexion)

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26
Q

What are some types of special osteokinematic motion of the scapula?

A

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction

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27
Q

Other than the scapula, protraction and retraction can also apply to what other joints?

A

jaw and pelvis

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28
Q

What are some types of special osteokinematic motions of the hand?

A

opposition, reposition, radial and ulnar deviation (flexion), abduction of the thumb and fingers

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29
Q

Leaning back would be defined as ____ of the trunk

A

hyperextension

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30
Q

flexion of the knee when seated and the foot is off the ground would be considered ____ kinematic chain movement

A

open kinematic chain

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31
Q

flexion of the knee when standing would be considered _____kinematic chain movement

A

closed kinematic chain

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32
Q

_____kinematic chain movement is when the distal segment is free to move

A

open kinematic chain

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33
Q

What are three functional classifications of joints?

A

synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable), diarthrosis (freely movable joint)

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34
Q

What are three structural classifications of joints?

A

fibrous (generally immovable), cartilaginous (immovable/slightly movable), and synovial (generally freely moveable)

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35
Q

What are three types of fibrous joints, and what are their functional classifications?

A

suture and gomphosis (synarthrodial) and syndesmosis (amphiarthrodial, eg interosseous ligaments between the tibia and fibula)

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36
Q

What are two types of cartilaginous joints and what are their functional classifications?

A

synchondrosis and symphisis (both amphiarthrodial)

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37
Q

What is a synchondrosis joint and what is an example?

A

bones connected by hyaline cartilage, (an amphiarodial cartilaginous joint) eg: epiphyseal growth plates and costosternal joints

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38
Q

What is a symphisis joint and what is an example?

A

amphiarthrodial cartilaginous joint characterized by hyaline cartilage and a shock-absorbing pad of elastic tissue. eg: intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis

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39
Q

What kind of joint is the intervertebral joint?

A

symphysis joint- ampharthrodial cartilaginous joint

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40
Q

What is the functional classification of a synovial joint?

A

diarthrodial

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41
Q

What are five characteristics of a synovial joint?

A

articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint/synovial cavity, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments

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42
Q

What is synovial fluid made mostly of? What are two functions of synovial fluid?

A

hyaluronic acid. reduces friction between cartilages and nourishes the articular cartilage

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43
Q

What are four other features that a synovial joint might have?

A

fat pads, bursae, menisci, tendon sheaths

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44
Q

What are three factors that affect joint stability?

A

shape of articular surfaces (is the joint socket deep or shallow?), number and position of ligaments, muscle tone

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45
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A

gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle and ball-and-socket joints

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46
Q

What is a hinge joint? what is an example of a hinge joint?

A

ginglymus joint, a diarthrodial synovial joint that permits only flexion and extension. eg: ulnar-humerus elbow joint, femur, tibial joint, finger and toe joints

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47
Q

What is a pivot joint? what is an example of a pivot joint?

A

trochoid diarthrodial synovial joint. eg: atlanto-occipital joint and the proximal radio-ulnar joint

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48
Q

What is a condyloid joint? what is an example of a condyloid joint?

A

eppipsoid diarthrodial synovial joint with permits all angular motions. eg: radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints

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49
Q

What is a saddle joint? what is an example of a saddle joint?

A

sellar diarthrodial synovial joint, only present in the thumb- allows for opposition

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50
Q

What is a ball-and-socket joint? what is an example?

A

enarthrodial diarthrodial synovial joint with three axes of motion. eg: glenohumeral joint and the acetabulum (hip) joint

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51
Q

What are three things that muscle provides to bone?

A

torque, protection, posture (support)

52
Q

approximately how many muscles are in the human body? approximately what percentage of our weight is muscle mass?

A

about 600, 40-50% of body weight

53
Q

Do muscles function on their own or in pairs/groups?

A

pairs/groups= aggregate muscle action

54
Q

what are two advantages that longer muscles have?

A

can shorten through a greater range and are thus more effective in moving joint through large ranges of motion

55
Q

What are five types of muscle arrangements?

A

parallel, fusiform, pennate, convergent, circular

56
Q

what is an example of a parallel muscle fiber?

A

the sartorius muscle

57
Q

What is an example of a fusiform muscle?

A

spindle shaped, eg biceps brachii

58
Q

What is an example of a pennate muscle?

A

extensor digitorum (unipennate), rectus femoris (bipennate) and deltoid (multipennate)

59
Q

What is an example of a convergent muscle fiber?

A

pectoralis major

60
Q

What is an example of circular muscles?

A

orbicularis oris, sphincter muscles

61
Q

the maximal force a muscle can generate for a maximal effort is:

A

strength (force)

62
Q

power is defined as:

A

work/time= (F*d)/t

63
Q

torque is defined as:

A

force causing rotary movement

64
Q

contraction over time due to disuse is:

A

contracture

65
Q

muscle contractions can either be _____ or ______

A

isometric (no muscle shortening, just tension) or isotonic (same tension but muscle moves)

66
Q

Isotonic muscle contraction can either be ____ or _____

A

concentric (towards center, shortening) or eccentric (away from center, lengthening)

67
Q

When tension occurs in a muscle but the length of the muscle does not change, is this isotonic or isometric contractions?

A

isometric

68
Q

When is isometric contraction preferred?

A

when we want to exercise a muscle without potential for further joint damage

69
Q

What kind of muscle contraction is used to initiate movement against gravity?

A

concentric isotonic contraction

70
Q

What kind of muscle contraction requires the most energy and thus causes increased DOMS symptoms if over-performed?

A

eccentric isotonic contractions

71
Q

The line of pull is a function of what three things?

A

the muscles attachment, the plane of joint motion, the muscles distance from the joint axis of rotation

72
Q

muscle weakness, hypertonicity, trigger points, etc. are often caused by altered:

A

line of pull of that muscle

73
Q

The angle of pull is between ____ and ____.

A

the line of pull and the bone on which the muscle inserts distally

74
Q

When the angle of pull is 90deg, what kind of force is on the bone?

A

100% rotational force

75
Q

When the angle of pull is 45deg, what kind of force is on the bone?

A

equal rotational and stabilizing forces

76
Q

Muscle action is dependent on what 6 things?

A

number of motor units activated, type of motor unit activated, size of the muscle, initial muscle length, angle of muscle and joint, speed of contraction

77
Q

range of motion depends on ______ of the muscle fibers

A

length

78
Q

power depends on ______of the muscle fibers

A

total number

79
Q

What are the four properties of muscle force production and movement?

A

irritability/excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity

80
Q

the property of a muscle being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical or mechanical stimuli is:

A

irritability/excitability

81
Q

the ability of a muscle to contract and develop tension when stimulated is:

A

contractility

82
Q

the ability of a muscle to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length is:

A

extensibility

83
Q

the ability of a muscle to return to its original length following stretching is:

A

elasticity

84
Q

what is interdigitation?

A

when a muscle is innervated by more than one nerve/ one nerve innervates more than one muscle

85
Q

What are the four roles a muscle can play?

A

agonist, antagonist, synergist, stabilizer

86
Q

What is an example of a stabilizer muscle?

A

the deltoid (isometric/eccentric pull)

87
Q

If the pronator teres is an agonist in pronation, what is the corresponding antagonist muscle?

A

supinator

88
Q

What is the function of a lever?

A

to convert force into torque

89
Q

What are the three types of forces produced on musculoskeletal levers?

A

muscular, gravity, external physical contacts

90
Q

What is a power lever?

A

load is close to the fulcrum so that a small effort applied over long distance can move a small load = mechanical advantage ( like a car jack)

91
Q

What is a speed lever?

A

load is far from the fulcrum, effort applied near to the fulcrum, allowing rapid motion through a large range of motion (like turning a loaded shovel)

92
Q

What is a first class lever? give an example.

A

fulcrum lies between the load and the effort. eg: atlanto-occipital joint, posterior cervical muscles and the load of the head weight

93
Q

What is a second class lever? give an example

A

The load lies between the fulcrum and the effort eg. wheelbarrow. eg: plantarflexion of the foot when standing

94
Q

What is a third class lever? give an example

A

effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load (like holding things with tweezers). fast, large movements with little effort. eg. biceps muscle

95
Q

What class of lever are most of the levers in the body?

A

third class levers

96
Q

from muscle to filament, what is the organization of skeletal muscle? what is each layer surrounded by?

A

muscle (surrounded by epimysium) –> fascicle (perimysium) –>muscle fiber (cell) (endomysium) –>myofibrils (Sarcoplasmic reticulum)–> thick and thin filaments

97
Q

What are the five basic components of a neuromuscular junction?

A

motor neuron, motor end plate, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters (Ach)

98
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers its controls

99
Q

fine control is initiated by a small or large motor unit?

A

small

100
Q

What is treppe?

A

complete relaxation after muscle twitch, before the next stimulus. contractions generally increase in strength before coming to a plateau of maximal tension

101
Q

What is wave summation?

A

temporal summation of stimuli in which relaxation between stimuli is not complete, causing subsequent contractions to be greater (generally at about 20-40 stimuli/sec)

102
Q

What is the difference between incomplete versus complete tetanus?

A

complete tension is SUSTAINED maximal contraction at peak tension without relaxation (>40/50 stimuli/sec)

103
Q

What are the three phases of a single muscle contraction (twitch)?

A

latent, contraction, relaxation (at about 10 stimuli/sec)

104
Q

What are the three types of nerves?

A

sensory, motor, interneuron

105
Q

What nerve fibers are unmyelinated?

A

C fibers, slow-conducting, for pain and sympathetic

106
Q

mechanoreceptors for touch, pressure are what type of neurons?

A

A beta fibers

107
Q

the fastest conducting nerve fibers are what type?

A

A alpha, largest diameter, myeinated motor efferents, muscle spindle afferents, proprioception

108
Q

what type of neuron stimulates the contractile ends of muscle spindle fibers?

A

A-gamma

109
Q

nerve sensing skin temperature and pain are what type?

A

A-delta

110
Q

What is the progress of a spinal reflex arc, from sensory receptor to effector organ?

A

sensory receptor –> sensory neuron –> interneuron –>motor neuron –> effector organ

111
Q

What are the three different types of mechanoreceptors that detect proprioception?

A

muscle spindle receptors, golgi tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors

112
Q

What is a muscle spindle fiber?

A

intrafusal muscle fibers within extrafusal muscle fibers that detect rate of muscle stretching and length. aids in muscle coordination

113
Q

What are the two types of intrafusal muscle fibers?

A

nuclear bag fibers (sensitive to sudden changes in muscle length) and nuclear chain fibers (sensitive to steady changes in length)

114
Q

What are the two types of sensory nerves that wrap around muscle spindle intrafusal fibers?

A

primary type 1a (fast, large diameter, respond to rate of change in length), secondary type 2 (slow, respond to overall length)

115
Q

What do golgi tendon organs do?

A

at the junction of muscle and tendon, they detect force of contraction and tension applied to the tendon. they prevent muscle from applying eccessive force. play roles in muscle spasms, tender points and tone imbalances. inhibits a motor neurons to relax the muscle

116
Q

which proprioceptive mechanoreceptor is sensitive to excessive tendon stretch only?

A

golgi tendon organs

117
Q

What are two types of responses a golgi tendon organ can have?

A

a dynamic (to sudden increases in muscle tension) and a static response (to gradual increases in muscle tension

118
Q

What five things can joint kinesthetic receptors detect?

A

direction of movement of the joint, acceleration/deceleration of the joint, pressure in the joint, excessive joint strain, postural changes

119
Q

What are the three types of joint kinesthetic receptors?

A

pacinian corpuscles, ruffini corpuscules, free nerve endings

120
Q

Which type of corpuscle is in CT and synovial joint capsules, responds to rapid pressure changes, stretch, acceleration and deceleration?

A

pacinian corpuscles

121
Q

Which type of joint kinesthetic receptor is in synovial capsules and ligaments, responds to rapid, sustained pressure, lateral stretch, changes in joint angles and adjusts muscle tone?

A

Ruffini corpuscles

122
Q

Which type of joint kinesthetic receptor is in most body tissues and responds to rapid and sustained pressure

A

free nerve endings

123
Q

What are the three ways in which proprioceptors can affect muscle tone?

A

quick stretch reflex, reciprocal inhibition, autogenic inhibition

124
Q

the quick stretch reflex is a response from what proprioceptor type? what does it do?

A

muscle spindle fibers, stimulates agonist

125
Q

the reciprocal inhibition reflex is a response from what proprioceptor type? what does it do?

A

muscle spindle fibers, inhibits antagonist

126
Q

autogenic inhibition is a response from what proprioceptor type? what does it do?

A

golgi tendon organs, inhibitory response to an agonist muscle, stimulates antagonist, when too much tension is detected (eg. ‘guarding against injury’)

127
Q

What are four clinical applications of reflexes?

A

NMT (post-isometric relaxation, muscle energy technique, strain-counterstrain) and deep tendon reflexes and a neurological exam

Biomechanics Exam 1 (2 decks)

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