Exam 1: Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards
Oxygen is involved in the generation of more than 90% of all the ATP we need.
Oxygen is delivered to _________ by transport in the blood attached to ________ molecules in the RBCs.
mitochondria
hemoglobin
How does O2 get to the mitochondria in the cells?
- ________ from capillaries
- ________ (primarily in type I and myocardial cells)
Diffusion
Myoglobin
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in cell ___________.
-It encompasses the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC).
mitochondria
The ______ of mitochondria in a cell parallels its capacity for oxidative phosphorylation.
Mitochondria contain carrier molecules that remove electrons from hydrogen (_______) and eventually pass them to oxygen (_______).
density
oxidation
reduction
It is convenient to think of aerobic ATP production as a three-stage process:
- Generation of the 2-carbon molecule, _____-____.
- Oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the ______ _____.
- ATP formation in the _______ _______ _____.
acetyl-CoA
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain
Acetyl-CoA
Entry into the Krebs cycle requires the preparation of a two-carbon molecule, _____-____.
Acetyl-CoA can be formed from the breakdown of either CHO, PRO, or Fats.
acetyl-CoA
Where does acetyl-CoA come from?
3 sources: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ oxidation (breakdown) \_\_\_\_ oxidation (breakdown) \_\_\_\_\_\_. oxidation (breakdown)
Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein
- The primary function of the Krebs cycle is to complete the ________ (hydrogen removal) of CHO, fats or proteins.
- To do this, it uses ___ and ___ as hydrogen (energy) carriers.
- The importance of hydrogen removal is that hydrogens (by virtue of the electrons that they possess) contain the potential energy in food molecules.
- This energy can be used in the ETC to combine ADP + Pi to reform ATP (electrochemical gradient).
- _______ does not participate in the reactions of the Krebs cycle but is the _____ electron acceptor at the end of the ETC
- Water is formed (H2 + O → H2O)
oxidation
NAD and FAD
Oxygen
final
Acetyl-CoA combines with _________ (4-carbon molecule) to form _____ (six carbons).
What follows is a series of reactions to regenerate oxaloacetate and two molecules of CO2, and the pathway begins all over again.
oxaloacetate
citrate
- The primary function of the Krebs cycle is to remove ________ and the energy associated with those hydrogens from various substrates involved in the cycle.
- During each turn of the Krebs cycle, __ molecules of NADH and __ molecule of FADH2 are formed.
hydrogens
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Krebs Cycle Summary
- Completes the ________ of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
- Produces ___ and supplies _______ to be passed through the ETC to provide the energy for the aerobic production of ATP.
- Enzymes catalyzing Krebs cycle reactions are located inside the __________.
oxidation
CO2
electrons
mitochondria
NADH and FADH2
- Nicatinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
- ______ pairs of electrons (energy) from hydrogen
- While the substrate oxidizes and gives up hydrogens (electrons), NAD+ gains hydrogen and two electrons and reduces to NADH.
- The other hydrogen appears as H+ in the cell fluid.
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
- Serves as the other important electron ______ in oxidizing food fragments.
- FAD catalyzes dehydrogenation and accepts electron pairs.
- FAD becomes FADH2 by accepting both hydrogens.
-NADH and FADH2 provide energy-rich molecules because they carry electrons with a high energy-transfer potential.
Accepts
acceptor
Oxidative phosphorylation synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons from ____ and _____ to oxygen.
NADH
FADH2
-The electron transport chain (ETC) uses the potential energy available in reduced hydrogen carriers such as NADH and FADH2 to ____________ ADP to ATP.
-The reduced hydrogen carriers do not directly react with oxygen.
-Electrons are removed from the hydrogen atoms and are passed down a series of electron carriers known as __________.
During this passage of electrons down the ________ chain, enough energy is released to rephosphorylate ADP to form ATP.
rephosphorylate
cytochromes
cytochrome
- FADH2 enters the cytochrome pathway at a point just below the entry level for NADH.
- The level of FADH2 entry bypasses one of the sites of ATP formation and thus each molecule of FADH2 that enters the ETC has enough energy to form only __ ATP.
- NADH entry into the ETC results in the formation of __ ATP.
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