Exam 1: Bioenergetics - Overview of ATP Production Flashcards
What are the three energy systems?
1) Phosphagen system
2) Glycolysis
3) Oxidative phosphorylation
What are the two main mechanisms involved in ATP production?
1) Substrate level phosphorylation
2) Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate level phosphorylation utilizes the ________ _______ and _________.
Phosphagen system
glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation utilizes _____ _____ and ____
Krebs cycle
ETC (Electron Transport Chain)
Every cell in the body requires ___, without it, none of the body’s functions, including muscle contraction, can operate.
ATP
True/False:
Because ATP is essential for skeletal muscle contraction, there is a large amount of stored ATP in skeletal muscle cells.
False.
This is not the case - there is very little ATP present in the muscle cell. Therefore, ATP must be produced (or re-synthesized from ADP).
What does ‘phosphorylation’ mean?
Adding a phosphate group to ADP
Substrate level phosphorylation is the conversion of ADP to ATP without the intervention of oxygen, in other words, it is an ________ process.
anaerobic
Oxidative phosphorylation requires oxygen for the ADP rephosphorylation and thus is an _______ process.
aerobic
The phosphagen system and glycolysis take place within the _________ of the muscle cells.
The other two processes, Krebs cycle and the ETC, take place within the ___________.
sarcoplasm
mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation generates anywhere from __ to __ ATP while glycolysis generates around __ ATP.
O.P: 28-38 ATP
Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Phosphagen system…think “____.”
FAST
The phosphagen system is the ________ source of energy for muscle contraction.
immediate
What are the three main phosphagens?
1) ATP
2) ADP
3) CP (PCr) = creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine)
To enable muscle contraction, ATP loses one of its __________ bonds (it is dephosphorylated to ADP) - to provide ______ for the contraction.
phosphate
energy
When performing a series of vertical jumps……
1) First 5 seconds = ________ system
2) 15 seconds - 2 minutes = __________
3) Above 2 minutes (endurance) = ________ ___________
phosphagen system
glycolysis
oxidative phosphorylation
When increasing the intensity of exercise, as ATP ________, ADP _________.
decreases, increases
The availability of ____________ stored in the muscle cell allows the immediate resynthesis of ATP.
phosphocreatine
The availability of phosphocreatine stored in the muscle cell allows the immediate resynthesis of ATP.
The _________ bond from phosphocreatine is split off, it phosphorylates ADP, thereby allowing further muscle contraction to take place.
phosphate
The availability of phosphocreatine stored in the muscle cell allows the immediate resynthesis of ATP.
The phosphate bond from phosphocreatine is split off, it phosphorylates ADP, thereby allowing further muscle contraction to take place.
However, because of the limited stores of both ATP and PCr, the phosphagen system serves as the _____ term mechanism for ATP resynthesis, and longer bouts of activity need other processes.
short
The phosphagen system can supply ATP for approximately how long during maximal exercise?
5-10 seconds
Glycolysis is the process concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrate in the form of ________ or ________.
glucose or glycogen
Glycolysis is the process concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrate in the form of glucose or glycogen.
Each molecule of glucose is broken down to produce 2 molecules of ________ in a series of reactions called glycolysis.
pyruvate
Glycolysis is the process concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrate in the form of glucose or glycogen.
Each molecule of glucose is broken down to produce 2 molecules of pyruvate in a series of reactions called glycolysis.
A similar process is known as ____________ and it describes the breakdown of glycogen to pyruvate. This process is almost identical to glycolysis.
glycogenolysis
The end result of glycolysis is _________, but with super high intensity exercise, the end result is _____ _____.
pyruvate
lactic acid
Muscle Fiber Types… (oxidative, glycolytic, both)
Type 1 –> _________
Type 2a –> __________
Type 2x –> __________
Type 1 –> oxidative (low glycolytic)
Type 2a –> oxidative and glycolytic
Type 2x –> glycolytic
What are the two substrate level phosphorylation processes that resynthesize ATP from ADP?
Phosphagen system
Glycolysis
Substrate Level Phosphorylation Review…
Both sets of these reactions (phosphagen system and glycolysis/glycogenolysis) are examples of substrate level phosphorylation, and they do not need oxygen, but the amount of ATP is relatively ______.
Remember, the amount of ATP produced from these two processes is SMALL, but the rate of production is _____.
small
FAST
Substrate Level Phosphorylation TRANSITION to Oxidative Phosphorylation…
However, if sufficient oxygen is available to the muscle cell during glycolysis…what happens?
Oxidative phosphorylation takes over and dramatically increases the amount of ATP produced.
Substrate Level Phosphorylation TRANSITION to Oxidative Phosphorylation…
However, if sufficient oxygen is available to the muscle cell during glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation takes over and dramatically increases the amount of ATP produced.
Oxidative phosphorylation involves the next step in the breakdown of glucose/glycogen, which is known as the ______ ______.
Krebs Cycle
Substrate Level Phosphorylation TRANSITION to Oxidative Phosphorylation…
However, if sufficient oxygen is available to the muscle cell during glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation takes over and dramatically increases the amount of ATP produced.
Oxidative phosphorylation involves the next step in the breakdown of glucose/glycogen, which is known as the Krebs cycle.
Finally, hydrogen atoms enter the…?
Electron transport chain (ETC)
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Although the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that make up glucose/glycogen interact to form carbon dioxide and water as part of the reactions of the Krebs cycle, it is only at the final _______ ______ stage that oxygen from the atmosphere is used as the final hydrogen and electron acceptor that leads to ATP production.
It is the use of the _______ available that gives the entire sequence of events its description of aerobic metabolism.
electron transfer
oxygen
