Exam 1: Bioenergetics - Overview of ATP Production

Question 1

What are the three energy systems?

Answer 1

1) Phosphagen system
2) Glycolysis
3) Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 2

What are the two main mechanisms involved in ATP production?

Answer 2

1) Substrate level phosphorylation

2) Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

Substrate level phosphorylation utilizes the ________ _______ and _________.

Answer 3

Phosphagen system

glycolysis

Question 4

Oxidative phosphorylation utilizes _____ _____ and ____

Answer 4

Krebs cycle

ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

Question 5

Every cell in the body requires ___, without it, none of the body’s functions, including muscle contraction, can operate.

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

True/False:
Because ATP is essential for skeletal muscle contraction, there is a large amount of stored ATP in skeletal muscle cells.

Answer 6

False.
This is not the case - there is very little ATP present in the muscle cell. Therefore, ATP must be produced (or re-synthesized from ADP).

Question 7

What does ‘phosphorylation’ mean?

Answer 7

Adding a phosphate group to ADP

Question 8

Substrate level phosphorylation is the conversion of ADP to ATP without the intervention of oxygen, in other words, it is an ________ process.

Answer 8

anaerobic

Question 9

Oxidative phosphorylation requires oxygen for the ADP rephosphorylation and thus is an _______ process.

Answer 9

aerobic

Question 10

The phosphagen system and glycolysis take place within the _________ of the muscle cells.

The other two processes, Krebs cycle and the ETC, take place within the ___________.

Answer 10

sarcoplasm

mitochondria

Question 11

Oxidative phosphorylation generates anywhere from __ to __ ATP while glycolysis generates around __ ATP.

Answer 11

O.P: 28-38 ATP

Glycolysis: 2 ATP

Question 12

Phosphagen system…think “____.”

Answer 12

FAST

Question 13

The phosphagen system is the ________ source of energy for muscle contraction.

Answer 13

immediate

Question 14

What are the three main phosphagens?

Answer 14

1) ATP
2) ADP
3) CP (PCr) = creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine)

Question 15

To enable muscle contraction, ATP loses one of its __________ bonds (it is dephosphorylated to ADP) - to provide ______ for the contraction.

Answer 15

phosphate

energy

Question 16

When performing a series of vertical jumps……

1) First 5 seconds = ________ system
2) 15 seconds - 2 minutes = __________
3) Above 2 minutes (endurance) = ________ ___________

Answer 16

phosphagen system

glycolysis

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 17

When increasing the intensity of exercise, as ATP ________, ADP _________.

Answer 17

decreases, increases

Question 18

The availability of ____________ stored in the muscle cell allows the immediate resynthesis of ATP.

Answer 18

phosphocreatine

Question 19

The availability of phosphocreatine stored in the muscle cell allows the immediate resynthesis of ATP.

The _________ bond from phosphocreatine is split off, it phosphorylates ADP, thereby allowing further muscle contraction to take place.

Answer 19

phosphate

Question 20

The availability of phosphocreatine stored in the muscle cell allows the immediate resynthesis of ATP.

The phosphate bond from phosphocreatine is split off, it phosphorylates ADP, thereby allowing further muscle contraction to take place.

However, because of the limited stores of both ATP and PCr, the phosphagen system serves as the _____ term mechanism for ATP resynthesis, and longer bouts of activity need other processes.

Answer 20

short

Question 21

The phosphagen system can supply ATP for approximately how long during maximal exercise?

Answer 21

5-10 seconds

Question 22

Glycolysis is the process concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrate in the form of ________ or ________.

Answer 22

glucose or glycogen

Question 23

Glycolysis is the process concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrate in the form of glucose or glycogen.

Each molecule of glucose is broken down to produce 2 molecules of ________ in a series of reactions called glycolysis.

Answer 23

pyruvate

Question 24

Glycolysis is the process concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrate in the form of glucose or glycogen.

Each molecule of glucose is broken down to produce 2 molecules of pyruvate in a series of reactions called glycolysis.

A similar process is known as ____________ and it describes the breakdown of glycogen to pyruvate. This process is almost identical to glycolysis.

Answer 24

glycogenolysis

Question 25

The end result of glycolysis is _________, but with super high intensity exercise, the end result is _____ _____.

Answer 25

pyruvate

lactic acid

Question 26

Muscle Fiber Types… (oxidative, glycolytic, both)

Type 1 –> _________
Type 2a –> __________
Type 2x –> __________

Answer 26

Type 1 –> oxidative (low glycolytic)
Type 2a –> oxidative and glycolytic
Type 2x –> glycolytic

Question 27

What are the two substrate level phosphorylation processes that resynthesize ATP from ADP?

Answer 27

Phosphagen system

Glycolysis

Question 28

Substrate Level Phosphorylation Review…

Both sets of these reactions (phosphagen system and glycolysis/glycogenolysis) are examples of substrate level phosphorylation, and they do not need oxygen, but the amount of ATP is relatively ______.

Remember, the amount of ATP produced from these two processes is SMALL, but the rate of production is _____.

Answer 28

small

FAST

Question 29

Substrate Level Phosphorylation TRANSITION to Oxidative Phosphorylation…

However, if sufficient oxygen is available to the muscle cell during glycolysis…what happens?

Answer 29

Oxidative phosphorylation takes over and dramatically increases the amount of ATP produced.

Question 30

Substrate Level Phosphorylation TRANSITION to Oxidative Phosphorylation…

However, if sufficient oxygen is available to the muscle cell during glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation takes over and dramatically increases the amount of ATP produced.

Oxidative phosphorylation involves the next step in the breakdown of glucose/glycogen, which is known as the ______ ______.

Answer 30

Krebs Cycle

Question 31

Substrate Level Phosphorylation TRANSITION to Oxidative Phosphorylation…

However, if sufficient oxygen is available to the muscle cell during glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation takes over and dramatically increases the amount of ATP produced.

Oxidative phosphorylation involves the next step in the breakdown of glucose/glycogen, which is known as the Krebs cycle.

Finally, hydrogen atoms enter the…?

Answer 31

Electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 32

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Although the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that make up glucose/glycogen interact to form carbon dioxide and water as part of the reactions of the Krebs cycle, it is only at the final _______ ______ stage that oxygen from the atmosphere is used as the final hydrogen and electron acceptor that leads to ATP production.

It is the use of the _______ available that gives the entire sequence of events its description of aerobic metabolism.

Answer 32

electron transfer

oxygen