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Veterinary Gross Anatomy > Exam 1: Osteology, Myology, Arthrology > Flashcards

Exam 1: Osteology, Myology, Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

Long Bones

A
  • The length of the bone is greater than its diameter.
  • Multiple ossification centers (growth plates)
  • EX: locted in the appendages such as humerus, radius, ulna, femure, tibia, fibula, metacarpals/tarsals
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2
Q

Anatomy of long bones

A

Note: Metaphyseal growth plate is compromised of cartilage in young animals

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3
Q

Short bones

A
  • Have approimate equal dimensions (cube shaped)
  • EX: carpal bones, sesmoid bones (don’t articulate with other bones)
  • Only one ossification center
  • NO growth plates
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4
Q

Ossification center

A
  • Site of earliest bone formation via accumulation of osteoblasts with connective tissue (intramembranous ossification)
  • Earliest destruction of cartilage before onset of ossification (endochondral ossification)
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5
Q

Flat bones

A
  • Present when either extensive protection or attachment area is necessary
  • EX: scapula, bones of the skull
  • Contain a lot of active red marrow; which is why we take bone marrow bx from these sites
  • Diploe: cancellous tissue enclosed by two thin layers of cortical bone (seen in certain areas of the skull)
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6
Q

Irregular bones

A
  • Can’t be classified under any other category
  • Short bones with multiple processes
  • EX: vertebrae
  • Formed by endochondral ossification (body of bone) and intramembranous ossification (bony processes)
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7
Q

Sesamoid bones

A
  • Small, seed-like bones that are embedded in muscle tendons
  • ALL sesamoid bones are short bones but all short bones are NOT sesamoid bones
  • EX: proximal sesamoid bones of the manus and pes, patella (largest)
  • Purposes: 1) eliminate tendon shear (occurs when we have sharp angles between bones) 2) redirects lines of force and 3) increases torque
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8
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Source of osteoblasts (healing fractures)
  • Rich in nerves and blood vessels; extremely sensitive
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9
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines inner surfce of bone; has similar cell types as in periosteum

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10
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Location of bone marrow (red or yellow)

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11
Q

Bone development

A
  • Most bones form via endochondrial ossification (ossification of a cartilage model)
  • Flat bones are formed via intramembranous ossification
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12
Q

Chondrodystrophy

A
  • Cartilage maldevelopment
  • Genetic condition (basset hounds and dauschunds)
  • Causes arrested growth of long bones
  • Results in disproportionate dwarves
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13
Q

Bone blood supply

A
  • Nutritional vessels enter the diaphysis and the epiphysis
  • Majority of long bones have a single nutrient foramen that accomodates a nutrient artery that enters the bone mid diaphysis
  • Periosteal blood vessels supply the outer, cortical bone
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14
Q

Wolff’s Law

A
  • Normal bone remodels in response to stress placed upon it
  • If load on a particular area increases, the bone will remodel to become stronger to resist those forces (muscle building, weight gain)
  • Accounts for the variation of bony prominences observed from the specimens in lab
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15
Q

Locomotor system (apparatus)

A
  • Includes all those structures that provide the body with 1) stability, 2) independent movement; mucles and joints 3) basis for the characteristic conformation of the individual species
  • Muscular system: ACTIVE componenet of the locomotor system (skeletal muscles
  • Skeletal system: PASSIVE component of the locomotor system (bones and joints)
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16
Q

Skeletal muscle components

A
  • Epimysium: outermost connective tissue envelope surrounding the muscle bell
  • Perimysium: extends from the epimysium into the muscle; divides the muscle into smaller units or muscle fascicles
  • Endomysium: extends from perimysium to envelop individual muscle fibers (CELLS)
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17
Q

Skeletal muscle diagram

A
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18
Q

Tendon of origin

A
  • Proximal or central attachment
  • May originate from bone, another muscle, or skin (cutaneous muscles)
  • Usuall more proximal and or fixed point of muscle attachment
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19
Q

Tendon of insertion

A
  • Distal or peripheral attachment
  • Insertion on bone, another muscle, or skin
  • Usually distal or moveable point of muscle attachment
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20
Q

Aponeurosis

A
  • Sheet like tendon
  • Allows muscles to have broader attachment
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21
Q

Associated structures that ease the effect of excessive pressure or friction associated with tendons

A
  • Sesamoid bones
  • Synovial subtendinous bursa : synovial fluid filled bag positioned between a tendon an a bony process
  • Synovial sheath: synovial fluid filled bag that wraps around a tendon
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22
Q

Muscle fibers parallel to the long axis

A
  • Result in strap like muscle
  • Greater displacement
  • Completed by very short tendons of attachment
  • EX: brachiocephalicus
23
Q

Fusiform muscle fibers

A
  • Resulting in a spindle-shaped muscle
  • EX Biceps brachii
24
Q

Pennate muscle fibers

A
  • Fibers that join tendons at an angle
  • Pennate, bipennate, multipennate
  • “pennatus” = latin for feather
  • More fibers = more powerful
  • EX: triceps brachii (long head), subscapularis
25
Q

Flat muscle fibers

A
  • Fibers form flat layers ending in broad tendinous sheets
  • Aponeuroses
  • EX abdominal muscles
26
Q

Multiple heads for muscle fibers

A
  • Muscle arises by two, three, or four heads that merge into one tendon of insertion
  • EX: biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and quadriceps femoris
27
Q

Muscle fibers arranged in units

A
  • Two or more fleshy units are separated by an intermediate tendon forming digastric (two bellies) or polygastric units
  • EX digastricus, brachiocephalicusm rectus abdominus
28
Q

Muscle fibers arranged in rings

A
  • Muscle fibers are arranged into rings that surround natural openings
  • Eye, mouth, anus
  • EX: orbicularis oculi, external anal sphincter
29
Q

Fascia

A
  • Allows muscles to function as units
  • Divided into superficial and deep
  • Superficial: loose connective tissue
  • Deep: dense and collagenous tissue from which some muscles may originate or insert; attaches to bones
  • Understanding fascial planes is clinically relebant in understanding the spread of infection
30
Q

Muscle fiber arrangement diagram

A
31
Q

Synarthroses

A
  • Immovable joints
  • Includes synostosis
32
Q

Amphiarthroses

A
  • Semimoveable joints
  • Includes: suture, syndesmosis, synchondrosis
33
Q

Diarthroses

A
  • Freely moveable joints
  • Includes: synovial joints
34
Q

Fibrous joint

A
  • Strong fibrous connective tissues between articulating bones
  • Little to no movment
  • In some cases bones can fuse resulting in a bony joint (synsotosis)
35
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A
  • Cartilage, either hyaline or fibrocartilage between articulating bones
  • Limited movement
36
Q

Synovial joint

A
  • Joint cavity between articulating bones lined with synovial membrane
  • Free movement
37
Q

Suture joint

A
  • Seams of bones of the skull (interdigitation)
  • Gradually eliminated via ossification (results in synostosis)
38
Q

Gomphosis joint

A
  • Tooth in aveolus, united by peridontal ligament
  • Not technically a joint b/c teeth are not considered bones
39
Q

Syndesmosis

A
  • Bones joined by interosseus ligaments (radius/ulna, tibia/fibula)
40
Q

Synchondrosis

A
  • Hyaline cartilage union
  • EX costal cartilages connecting ribs to sternum, growth plates
41
Q

Symphysis

A
  • Occurs in the midline of the body where areticulating bones are connected via a flat disc of fibrocartilage
  • EX pelvic symphysis, intervertebral discs
42
Q

Synovial joint diagram

A
43
Q

Acessory structures of the synovial joint

A
  • Meniscus: fibrocartilage located within the synovial cavity; eg in the stifle
  • Ligaments: extracapsular ligaments located outside the joint capsule (medial and collateral ligaments
  • Intrascapsular ligaments: occur within the joint capsule but are excluded from the synovial joint cavity by folds of synovial membrane (ligament of the femoral head)
  • Fat pads: between fibrous and synovial layers, may protrude into a joint cavity (parapatellar fat pads of the stifle joint)
44
Q

Simple joint

A
  • Formed by two bones
  • EX: glenohumeral joint
45
Q

Compound joint

A
  • Formed by two or more bones
  • Humerotadioulnar joint (elbow)
46
Q

Congruent joint

A
  • Two articular surfaces fir each other
  • EX coxofemoral joint (hip)
47
Q

Incongruent joint

A
  • Two articular surfaces do not fit each other
  • EX femorotibial joint (stifle)
48
Q

Hinge joint

A
  • Permits angular motion in one plabe
  • EX humeroradiounar joint (elbow), metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock)
49
Q

Spheroidal joint

A
  • Ball and socket
  • Permits rotation and other movements
  • EX glenohumeral (shoulder) and coxofemoral (hip)
50
Q

Plane A joint

A
  • Permits angular motion in one plane
  • EX carpal, tarsal joints, vertebrae (dorsal articulation)
51
Q

Condylar joint

A
  • Formed by two condyles of one bone fitting into concavities of another bone
  • EX femorotibial joint (stifle)
52
Q

Pivot joint

A
  • Permits rotation around the longitudinal axis
  • EX atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joint
53
Q

Ellipsoidal joint

A
  • Oval surface nestles within a depression in the opposing surface
  • EX temporomandibular joint, antevrachiocarpal joint
54
Q

Saddle joint

A
  • Articular surfaces of two articulating bones are concave
  • EX: distal interphalangeal joint

Veterinary Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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