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Veterinary Gross Anatomy > Canine Thoracic Limb > Flashcards

Canine Thoracic Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Superficial Pectoral

A
  1. Origin: first three sternebrae; median fibrous raphe at the ventral midline
  2. Insertion: Crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus
  3. Action: ADDUCT limb (non weight bearing) and prevention of abuction of limb (weight bearing
  4. Comparative: none
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2
Q

Deep Pectoral

A
  1. Origin: ventral part of the sternum; median fibrous raphe at the ventral midline
  2. Insertion: Lesser tubercule of the humerus (major point) and the greater tubercle and crest of the humerus via aponeurosis
  3. Action: Pull trunk cranially when the limb is advanced and fixed; extend shoulder; draw limb caudally when not supporting weight
  4. Comparative: Horse- subclavious muscle that is considered a part of the deep pectoral. Cow- rudimentary
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3
Q

Brachiocephalicus

A
  1. Comments: Two main parts: cleidobrachialis and cleidocephalicus (1. cleidocervicalis and 2 cleidomastoideus. The dog doesn’t have a true clavical and instead has a clavicular intersection which serves as the orgin for various parts of the brachiocephalicus
  2. Origin: Clavicular intersection
  3. Insertion: Distal end of cranial humerus (cleidobrachialis), middorsal fibrous raphe of the neck (cleidocervicalis) and the mastoid part of the temporal bone (cleidomastoideus)
  4. Action: Advance the limb; extend shoulder; draw head and neck to side
  5. Comparative: Horse- cleido m. has one part, Ox and goat- cleido m has 2 parts, cleido-occipitalis and cleido mas mm
  6. Comment: forms the dorsal border of the jugular groove
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4
Q

Omotransversarius

A
  1. Origin: Transverse process of the atlas (vertebra 1)
  2. Insertion: distal end of the spine of the scapula ‘‘omo’’ = shoulder
  3. Action: advances the limb; flex the neck laterally
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5
Q

Trapezius

A
  1. Comments: triangle shaped, two parts 1) cervical trapezius and 2) thoracic trapezius. Both connected by an aponeurosis dorsally that attaches both parts to the spine of the scapula
  2. Origin: median fibrous raphe of the neck (cervical) and supraspinous ligament (thoracic)
  3. Insertion: spine of the scapula
  4. Action: Elevate and abduct the limb
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6
Q

Rhomboideus

A
  1. Comments: three parts 1) rhomboideus capitis (to the head) 2) rhombodieus cervicis ( to the neck), 3) rhomboideus thoracis ( to the thorax)
  2. Origin: capitus = nuchal crest of occipital bone at the base of the skull, cervicis = median fibrous raphe of the neck, thoracis = spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae
  3. Insertion: dorsal boreder of the scapula
  4. Action: elevate limb; draw scapula against trunk
  5. Comparative: this muscle is a major contributer to the hump of Braham cattle
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7
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A
  1. Comments: tendon of this muscle joins with the teres major
  2. Origin: thoracolumbar fascia and the last few ribs
  3. Insertion: teres major tuberosity of the humerus via the teres major tendon
  4. Action: draw the limb caudally (digging) and flex the shoulder
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8
Q

Serratus ventralis

A
  1. Comments: Two parts - 1) cervical and 2) thoracic parts. Often reffered to as the “sling muscle” as it acts as a sling in supporting the trunk
  2. Origin: cervical - transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and thoracic - ribs
  3. Insertion: serrated face of the scapula (medial)
  4. Action: support the trunk and depress the scapula
  5. Comparative: can be damaged due to loss of innervation. Myopathy and muscle damage results in “flying scapula” in ruminants where the dorsal border of the scapula rises aboove the withers
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9
Q

Deltoideus

A
  1. Comments: two parts 1) scapular and 2) acromial
  2. Origin: scapular - spine of the scapula and acromial - acromion of the scapula
  3. Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus (lateral)
  4. Action: flex shoulder
  5. Comparative: not divided in the horse due to the fact that the horse lacks an acromion
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10
Q

Infraspinatus

A
  1. Comments: four rotator cuff muscles, which lend support to the shoulder joint by preventing either lateral or medial rotation while the animal is bearing weight are the infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor. Observe the subtendinous synovial bursa affliliated with this muscle
  2. Origin: infraspinous fossa of the scapula
  3. Insertion: lateral side of the greater tuberecle of the humerus
  4. Action: laterally stablizes the shoulder (prevents medial rotation while weight bearing); adbduct and laterally rotate shoulder; assist other muscles in the extension and flexion of the shoulder
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11
Q

Teres minor

A
  1. Comments: lies deep to the deltoideus and the infraspiatus muscles
  2. Origin: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and the distal/caudal border of the scapula
  3. Insertion: teres minor tuberosity of the humerus
  4. Action: laterally stblizes the shoulder (prevents medial rotation while weight bearing) and laterally rotates the shoulder, flexes the shoulder
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12
Q

Supraspinatus

A
  1. Comments: If both the supraspinatus and the infraspinatus muscles were atrophied, the spin e of the scapula would become visibly evident and appreciated during palpation. Atrophy of these muscles would also weakedn the stability of the shoulder joint
  2. Origin: supraspinous fossa of the scapula
  3. Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus
  4. Action: laterally stablizes the shoulder (prevents medial rotation while weight bearing and extend the shoulder
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13
Q

Subscapularis

A
  1. Origin: subscapular fossa of the scapula
  2. Insertion: lesser tubercle of the humerus
  3. Action: medially stablizes the shoulder (prevents lateral rotation while weight bearing); adduct shoulder; extend the shoulder
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14
Q

Teres major

A
  1. Origin: caudal angle and cranial border of the scapula and the subscapularis muscle
  2. Insertion: teres major tuberosity of the humerus
  3. Action: flex shoulder and rotate the limb medially
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15
Q

Coracobrachialis

A
  1. Comments: tendon of origin of this muscle is long and surrounded by a synovial sheath
  2. Origin: coracoid process of the scapula
  3. Insertion: crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus, near the teres major tuberosity
  4. Action: mainly a shoulder stablizer, but can assist other muscles in adduction and or extension of the shoulder
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16
Q

Tensor fasciae antebrachii

A
  1. Comments: very thin muscle on the medial aspect of the brachium
  2. Origin: fascia covering the lateral surface of the latissimus dosi muscle
  3. Insertion: olecranon of the ulna in common with the tendon of insertion of the triceps brachii
17
Q

Triceps brachii

A
  1. Comments: four heads in dogs - 1) long head (ONLY one to cross the shoulder joint), 2) lateral head, 3) medial head, 4) acessory head. This muscle is ESSENTIAL for weight bearing as it maintains extension of the elbow.
  2. Origin: long head - caudal border of the scapula and the other heads- tricipital line (lateral head), proximal humerus (medial head and acessory head; neck, lesser tubercle, and crest of the lesser tubercle).
  3. Insertion: olecrenon of ulna
  4. Action: flex shoulder (long head) and extend the elbow (all heads).
  5. Comparative: there is no acessory head of the triceps brachii in large animals
18
Q

anconeus

A
  1. Comments: this muscle covers the olecrenon fossa and will be encountered when approcahing the elbow joint surgically
  2. Origin: lateral subcondylar crest of the humerus; lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus
  3. Insertion: proximal and lateral aspect of the ulna
  4. Action: extend elbow
19
Q

Biceps brachii

A
  1. Comments: The tendon of origin of this muscle passes between the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle within the intertubercular groove of the humerus. The transverse humeral retinaculum extends from the greater to the lesser tubercle over this groove thereby holding the tendon of the biceps brachii in place. Located on the MEDIAL aspect of the brachium.
  2. Origin: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
  3. Insertion: radial and ulnar tuberosities
  4. Action: extend shoulder and flex elbow
  5. Comparative: Lacterus fibrous (long tendon of the biceps brachii) is a tendinous structure that is prominent in horses and weaker in ruminants; component of the stay apparatus in the forelimb of the horse
20
Q

Brachialis

A
  1. Comments: located within the brachialis groove of the humerus, a major flexor of the elbow
  2. Origin: brachialis groove (proximal and lateral aspect of the humerus)
  3. Insertion: radial and ulnar tuberosities
  4. Action: flex elbow
21
Q

Extensor carpi radialis

A
  1. Comments: of all the antebrachial muscles, this has the most proximal origin
  2. Origin: lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus
  3. Insertion: metacarpal tuberosities (dorsal aspect) of MC II and III
  4. Action: extend carpus
  5. Comparative: note the large metacarpal tuberosity of MC III in the horse, which is the insertion of this muscle
22
Q

Common digital extensor

A
  1. Comments: note that all the extensor muscles of the carpus and digits originate from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  2. Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  3. Insertion: extensor process of the distal phalanx of digits 2, 3, 4, and 5
  4. Action: extend the joints of all of the above digits
  5. Comparative: the coffin bone (distal phalanx) is the insertion of this muscle in the horse.
23
Q

Lateral digital extensor

A
  1. Comments: the insertion of this muscle is on the central (3) and most lateal (4,5) digits
  2. Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  3. Insertion: extensor processes of the distal phalanx of digits 3,4, and 5
  4. Action: extend the joints of digits 3, 4, and 5
24
Q

Ulnaris lateralis

A
  1. Comments: only flexor muscle of the antebrachium that originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  2. Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  3. Insertion: lateral aspect of the proximal end (base) of the MC V and the acessory carpal bone
  4. Action: adduct carpus and flex carpus
  5. Comparative: only flexor innervated by the radial nerve; it is an extensor in humans
25
Q

Supinator

A
  1. Comments: supination is the lateral rotation of the antebrachium
  2. Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  3. Insertion: cranial aspect of the proximal radius
  4. Action: supination (rotate so paw faces medially)
  5. Comparative: not present in large animals since the radius and ulna are fused and this action is not possible
26
Q

Pronator teres

A
  1. Comments: protonate is the opposite of supination, the antebracium is rotated medially so the palmar surface of the paw is planted on the ground
  2. Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
  3. Insertion: medial border of the radius
  4. Action: pronation
  5. Comparative: not present in large animal since the radius and ulna are fused
27
Q

Abductor pollicis longus

A
  1. Comments: also known as the long abductor of the first digit; “pollicies” means thumb
  2. Origin: lateral and cranial border of the ulna and the interossieus membrane between the radius and ulna
  3. Insertion: proximal end of M1
  4. Action: abduct the digit
  5. Comparative: the equivalent of this muscle in the horse is the extensor carpi obliquus, whose tendon crosses superficial to and holds down the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis
28
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A
  1. Comments: note that all of the flexor mucles of the carpus and digits originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus
  2. Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus; medial border of the radius
  3. Insertion: palmar surface of the proximal aspect of MC II and III
  4. Action: flex carpus
29
Q

Superficial digital flexor

A
  1. Comments: located superficial to DDF. Distal to the metocarpophalangeal joint the SDF forms a sleeve so that the tendon of the DDF can pass through called the flexor manica. The palmar annular ligament holds down the tendons of both the SDF and the DDF, the proximal annular ligament, and the distal digital annular ligaments all hold down these tendons in their directions respectivly.
  2. Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
  3. Insertion: palmar surface of the proximal aspect of the middle phlanges 2, 3, 4, and 5
  4. Action: flex carpus and digits 2-5
  5. Comparative: In the horse, there is an acessory ligament of the SDF aka the proximal check ligament and is a component of the stay apparatus. Observe the annular ligaments and the flexor manica
30
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A
  1. Comments: two heads- 1) ulnar heads and and humeral head
  2. Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus (humeral head) and the olecranon (ulnar head)
  3. Insertion: acessory carpal bone
  4. Action: flex carpus
31
Q

Deep digital flexor

A
  1. Comments: three heads - 1) radial head, 2) humeral head, and 3) ulnar head. The tendons of all of these heads converge within the carpal canal as the deep flexor tendon
  2. Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus (humeral), ulna (ulnar), and the radius (radial).
  3. Insertion: flexor tubercle (palmar surfave of the base) of the distal phalanx of each digit
  4. Action: flex carpus, flex digits
  5. Comparative: In the horse, there is an acessory ligament of the DDF tendon aka the distal check ligament. It is a component of the stay apparatus. The tendon of the DDF inserts on the flexor surface of the distal phalanx
32
Q

Protanator quadratus

A
  1. Comments: located within the space between the radius and ulna
  2. Action: protonates the antebrachium
  3. Comparative: not present in large animals since the radius and ulna are fused
33
Q

Interossei (plural)

A
  1. Comments: In the dog there are 4 muscles and lie deep to the DDF and cover the palamar surfaces of the four main MC bones. There are two proximal sesamoid bones embedded in the tendon of insertion of each inerosseus tendon. Bifurcates in the dog.
  2. Comparative: In the horse, there is only one interosseus which is known as the suspensory ligament. Also has two proximal seasmoid bones and also bifurcates ( medial and lateral branches) that cross the long pastern bone and unite with the common digital flexor on the dorsal surface. Three pairs of seasmoidean ligaments: straight, oblique, and cruciate.

Veterinary Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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