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Biology 2250 Anatomy and Physiology chapters 1 > Exam 1 on chapters 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 on chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

This field would study the parts of the heart

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

This field would include what causes the heart to beat

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of life

A

Organization- Complex order and structure
Metabolism- Chemical Reactions that take place in the body.
Growth and Development- increase in size and specialize in function or form.
Responsiveness-the ability to sense and react to stimuli.
Regulation- Homeostasis
Reproduce- Produce new growth and sex cells

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of life

A 
Organization
Metabolism
Growth and development 
Responsiveness
Regulation
Reproduce
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5
Q

What characteristic of life is… Complex order and structure

A

Organization

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6
Q

What characteristic of life is this…Chemical reactions that take place in the body

A

Metabolism

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7
Q

What characteristic of life is this… increase in size and specialize in function or form

A

Growth and development

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8
Q

What characteristic of life is this… The ability to sense and react to stimuli

A

Responsiveness

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9
Q

What characteristic of life is this…. Homeostasis

A

Regulation

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10
Q

What characteristic of life is this… produce new growth and sex cells

A

Reproduction

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11
Q

What are the LEVELS of organization of the human body from SMALLEST to LARGEST

A 
Chemical Level
Cellular level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
Organism Level
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12
Q

What level of organization involves: atoms, molecules and organelles

A

Chemical Level

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13
Q

What level of organization consists of Consists of cells- the smallest living structures

basic units of structure and function in organisms

Formed from atoms and molecules from the chemical level

A

Cellular Level

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14
Q

What level of organization consist of Consists of tissues- groups of similar cells performing common functions

A

Tissue level

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15
Q

What level of organization consist of Consists of organs- two or more tissue types performing specific functions

e.g., the small intestine composed of all four tissue types, working to process and absorb digested nutrients

A

Organ level

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16
Q

What level of organization Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function

e.g., organs of the digestive system working together to digest food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste products

A

Organ System Level

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17
Q

What level of organization is this…

Highest level of structural organization

All body functions working interdependently in an organism- the living being

A

Organism Level

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18
Q

What is the level of organization that is the BASIC functioning unit of the body

A

Cellular Level

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19
Q

What are the 11 Organ systems?

A 
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the anatomical position

A 
Feet Flat
Facing forward head level
Looking forward
Arms at side
Palms Forward
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21
Q

This plane divides the body or organ into EQUAL right and left halves

A

Midsagittal Plane

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22
Q

This plane divides the body or organ into UNEQUAL right and left portions

A

Sagittal Plane

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23
Q

This plane divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

A

Coronal Plane

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24
Q

This plane divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions

A

Transverse Plane

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25
Q

This plane divides the body at an angle

A

Oblique Plane

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26
Q

What is the term for “ Toward the Head”

A

Superior\Cephalic

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27
Q

What is the term for “ Toward the Tail”

A

Inferior\ Caudal

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28
Q

What is the term for “ Toward the Midline”

A

Medial

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29
Q

What is the term for “ Away from the midline”

A

Lateral

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30
Q

What is the term for “ Toward the front of the body”

A

Anterior

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31
Q

What is the term for “ Toward the back of the body”

A

Posterior\Dorsal

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32
Q

What is the term for a limb that points further away from the attachment

A

Distal

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33
Q

What is the term for a limb that points closer to the attachment

A

Proximal

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34
Q

What is term for “ Closer to the surface”

A

Superficial

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35
Q

What is the term for “ Further away from the surface”

A

Deep

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36
Q

Heart to lung

A

Medial

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37
Q

Skin to ribs

A

Superficial

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38
Q

Arms to lungs

A

Lateral

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39
Q

Legs to head

A

Inferior

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40
Q

Nose to eyes

A

Medial

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41
Q

Fingers to Elbow

A

Distal

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42
Q

Knee to Thigh

A

Distal

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43
Q

Nose to Back

A

Anterior

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44
Q

What region contains the head, neck, and truck

A

Axial Region

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45
Q

What are the Posterior cavities ( Lined with meninges)

A

Cranial, Vertebral

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46
Q

What are the Anterior Cavities (Ventral) (Lined with serous membranes)

A

Thoracic (pericardial, pleura)

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47
Q

What are in the abdominopelvic cavity (Lined with serous membranes

A

Abdomen, Pelvis

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48
Q

What region consists of upper and lower limbs

A

Appendicular Region

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49
Q

What is the term for the “ Upper Arm”

A

Brachial

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50
Q

What is the term for the “ Lower Arm”

A

Antebrachial

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51
Q

What is the term for the “ Upper leg”

A

Femoral

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52
Q

What is the term for the butt

A

Gluteus

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53
Q

What is the term for the neck

A

Cervical

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54
Q

What is the term for the head

A

Cephal

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55
Q

What is the term for armpit

A

Axillary

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56
Q

What is the term for wrist

A

Carpal

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57
Q

What is the term for thigh

A

Femoral

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58
Q

What is the term for ankle

A

Tarsal

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59
Q

What is the term for chest

A

Thoracic

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60
Q

What is the term for the hollow area behind the knee

A

Popliteal

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61
Q

What cavity contains the brain

A

Cranial Cavity

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62
Q

What cavity contains the spinal cord

A

Vertebral Cavity

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63
Q

What cavity is lined by meninges

A

Posterior Cavity

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64
Q

What forms the vertebral cavity

A

Spinal Cord

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65
Q

What forms the cranial cavity

A

Brain

66
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

Diaphragm

67
Q

What are the TWO cavities in the abdominopelvic cavity ( in order inferior to superior)

A

Pelvic (Inferior) Abdominal (Superior)

68
Q

What separates the abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

Diaphragm Or another possible answer is nothing at all

69
Q

What cavity is lined by serous membrane

A

Ventral Cavities- Lined with serous membranes

thoracic cavity (pericardial cavity, pleural cavities)

abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)

70
Q

What are the 3 cavities in the thoracic cavity in order from lateral to medial

A

Pleural cavity, Pericardium cavity, mediastinum cavity

Not sure check with instructor on this question

71
Q

What is the membrane covering the heart

A

Pericardium

72
Q

What is the membrane covering the lungs

A

Pleura

73
Q

What is the membrane covering the brain

A

Meninges

74
Q

What is the membrane covering the spinal cord

A

Meninges

75
Q

What membrane covers organs or lines cavities and secretes a liquid substance

A

Serous Membrane

76
Q

What are the layers of a serous membrane in order from superficial to deep

A

Parietal (superficial)

Viseral ( Deep)

77
Q

What is the space between the TWO layers of a serous membrane

A

Serous Fluid

78
Q

What are the contents of this space ( Serous Fluid)

A

Ask Instructor

79
Q

List in order the membranes\spaces\organs etc… in the pleural cavity. (Superficial to deep)

A

Parietal pleura
Pleural fluid
Viseral pleura
Lungs

80
Q

List in order the membranes\spaces\organs etc… in the pericardial cavity. (Superficial to deep)

A

Parietal pericardium
Percardium Fluid
Viseral pericardium
Heart

81
Q

List in order the mebranes\spaces\organs etc… in the abdominopelvic cavity. (Superficial to deep)

A

Parietal peritoneum
Peritoneum Fluid
Viseral peritoneum
Peritoneum (Abdominopelvic Cavity)

82
Q

What are the contents of the cranial cavity

A

Brain

83
Q

What cavity is formed by the vertebrae

A

Posterior Cavity (Vertebral Cavity)

vertebral canal formed by the bones of the vertebral column

houses the spinal cord

84
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic region ( in order right to left and top to bottom)

A

Right Hypochondriac region, Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac region, Right lumbar region,
Umbilical region, Left lumbar region, Right iliac region, Hypogastric region, Left iliac region,

85
Q

The 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic region in order ( right to left and top to bottom)

A

RUQ, LUQ

RLQ, LLQ

86
Q

What is the mechanism by which the body maintains a typical range of blood glucose (Sugar) regardless of carbohydrate intake

A

Homeostasis

87
Q

What are the control systems used in homeostasis

A

Receptor
Control Center
Effector

88
Q

What control system detects changes in the internal or external conditions

A

Receptor

89
Q

A change in an internal or external condition

A

Stimulus

90
Q

What control system determines how to respond to a stimulus

A

Effector

91
Q

This control system causes a change in response to a stimulus

A

Control Center ( NOT SURE)

92
Q

Feedback Systems that work to maintain homeostasis

A

Negative and Positive Feedbacks

93
Q

How does positive feedback and negative feedback systems function to maintain homeostasis

A

Negative feedback: ***Resulting action in the OPPOSITE! direction of stimulus

If stimulus increases, homeostatic control system activated to cause a decrease in the stimulus

If stimulus decreases, homeostatic control system activated to cause an increase in the stimulus

Positive Feedback:

***Moves the stimulus in the SAME! direction

Occurs less frequently than negative feedback

Typically works with negative feedback

94
Q

What is the NORMAL body temperature

A

98.6 degrees F and 37 Degrees C

95
Q

What is the Normal blood glucose

A

80-110 mg\dl

96
Q

What is the NORMAL blood PH

A

7.35-7.45

97
Q

Describe how negative feedback would work to maintain body temperature, blood, glucose, and PH

A

If stimulus increases, homeostatic control system activated to cause a decrease in the stimulus

If stimulus decreases, homeostatic control system activated to cause an increase in the stimulus

98
Q

Studies the form and structure of the body

A

Anatomy

99
Q

Examines how the body functions

A

Physiology

100
Q

What are inseparable

A

Structure and Function

101
Q

Examines structures that must be visualized under microscope

A

Microscopic Anatomy

102
Q

The study of body cells and their internal structure

A

Cytology

103
Q

The study of tissues

A

Histology

104
Q

Investigates structures visable to the unaided eye

A

Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy

105
Q

Physiology focuses on what level

A

Cellular

106
Q

____________ occurs at the cellular level

A

Functioning

107
Q

Simplest to most complex levels of organization:

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular Level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ Level
  5. Organ System Level
  6. Organism Level
108
Q

The chemical level involves _______ and ________

A

Atoms and molecules

109
Q

Smallest units of matter

A

Atoms

110
Q

One or more combined atoms like sugar, vitamins

A

molecules

111
Q

what are some examples of Macromolecules

A

proteins and DNA

112
Q

What are microscopic sub units in cells composed of macromolecules

A

Organelles

113
Q

Basic units of structure and function in organism

A

Cells

114
Q

What is the highest level of structural organization

A

Organism Level

115
Q

Organization the human body

A 
Starts with an atom
then a molecule
then a macromolecule
then an organelle
then a cell
then a tissue
then a organ
then organ system level
then the organism
116
Q

In humans there are ______ organ systems

A

11

117
Q

What system provides protection, regulates body temperature, synthesizes vitamin D and prevent water loss

A

Integumentary System

118
Q

What system produces body movement, generates heat and muscles contract

A

Muscular System

119
Q

What system provides support and protection, site of hemopoesis (blood cell production), Stores calcium and phosphorous, provide sites for muscle attachment

A

Skeletal System

120
Q

What system controls body movement by initiating responses to muscles, processes and responds to sensory stimuli, also responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory

A

Nervous System

121
Q

What system consists of glands and cells cluster that secrete hormones, which regulate development, growth and metabolism, maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, and control reproduction

A

Endocrine System

122
Q

What system transports and filter lymph and participates in an immune response when necessary

A

Lymphatic System

123
Q

What system consists of heart and blood vessels, the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products

A

Cardiovascular System

124
Q

What system is responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs

A

Respiratory System

125
Q

What system filters blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrate waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body

A

Urinary System

126
Q

What System mechanically and chemically digest food particles, absorbs nutrients, and expel waste products

A

Digestive System

127
Q

What system produces male sex cells

A

Male Reproductive System

128
Q

What system produces female sex cells

A

Female Reproductive System

129
Q

Slice or cut to expose internal anatomy

A

Section

130
Q

Imaginary flat surface passing through the body

A

Plane

131
Q

Toward the belly

A

Ventral\Anterior

132
Q

Lateral aspect of leg

A

Fibular

133
Q

Hallux

A

Big Toe

134
Q

Hand

A

Mansus

135
Q

Posterior aspect of the elbow

A

olecranal

136
Q

Thumb

A

Pollex

137
Q

Medial aspect of leg

A

Tibial

138
Q

Ankle

A

Tarsal

139
Q

Chin

A

Mental

140
Q

Outer layer

A

Parietal Layer

141
Q

What layer COVERS the organs

A

Visceral Layer

142
Q

Liquid that serves as a lubricant

A

Serous Fluid

143
Q

What cavity contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters

A

Abdominal Cavity

144
Q

What cavity contains distal large intestine, remainder of ureters, and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

A

Pelvic Cavity

145
Q

Middle region for the abdomen

A

Umbilical region

146
Q

What region is Superior to the umbilical region

A

Epigastric Region

147
Q

What region is inferior to the umbilical region

A

Hypogastric region

148
Q

Inferior to coastal cartliages and lateral to epigastric region

A

Right and left hypochondriac

149
Q

Lateral to the umbilical region

A

Right and Left lumbar

150
Q

Lateral to the hypogastric region

A

Right and Left iliac

151
Q

Response of a homeostatic system occurs through a feedback loop

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Detection of stimulus by receptor
  3. Information relayed to the control center
  4. Integration of the input by the control center and initiation of change through effectors.
  5. Return of Homeostasis by the actions of effectors
152
Q

Temperature Regulation:

A
  • Body temperature drops
  • Sensory receptors detect this and signal the hypothalmus (Component of the brain)
  • Hypothalamus alert nerve impulses in blood vessels in the skin to “decrease” the inside opening of the vessles.
  • This decrease amount of blood circulating to the surface of the body.
  • Less heat is released through skin
  • Nerve impulses are sent to SKELETAL muscles, causing Shivering
  • Nerve impulses are sent to smooth muscles of hair follicles , causing “ Goose Bumps”

Body Temperature RISES

  • Sensory receptors detect this and signal the hypothalamus
  • Hypothalamus alert nerve impulses in blood vessels in the skin to “increase” the inside opening of the vessels
  • This increases the amount of blood circulating to the body surface
  • More heat is released through the skin
153
Q

What is the process of investigation, using observation, experimentation, and reasoning

A

Science

154
Q

Possible explanations ( An educated guess) is what?

A

Hypotheses

155
Q

What is dynamic science with new ideas appearing and replacing old ones

A

Biology

156
Q

_____________ systematically conduct experiments to evaluate and reevaluate hypotheses

A

Scientists

157
Q

What are the stages of scientific research

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment
  4. Design of scientific experiements
  5. Results and Discussion
  6. Conclusion
158
Q

Scientists present research in peer reviewed scientific journals:

A
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Experimental Procedure
  • Results and Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • References
159
Q

Independent Variable ( X axis) Researcher controls:

A

Time, Chemicals given, Exercise level

160
Q

Dependent Variable ( Y axis) Response measured:

A

Weight and blood concentration

Biology 2250 Anatomy and Physiology chapters 1 (2 decks)

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