Exam 1 on chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards
1
Q
This field would study the parts of the heart
A
Anatomy
2
Q
This field would include what causes the heart to beat
A
Physiology
3
Q
What are the characteristics of life
A
Organization- Complex order and structure
Metabolism- Chemical Reactions that take place in the body.
Growth and Development- increase in size and specialize in function or form.
Responsiveness-the ability to sense and react to stimuli.
Regulation- Homeostasis
Reproduce- Produce new growth and sex cells
4
Q
What are the characteristics of life
A
Organization Metabolism Growth and development Responsiveness Regulation Reproduce
5
Q
What characteristic of life is… Complex order and structure
A
Organization
6
Q
What characteristic of life is this…Chemical reactions that take place in the body
A
Metabolism
7
Q
What characteristic of life is this… increase in size and specialize in function or form
A
Growth and development
8
Q
What characteristic of life is this… The ability to sense and react to stimuli
A
Responsiveness
9
Q
What characteristic of life is this…. Homeostasis
A
Regulation
10
Q
What characteristic of life is this… produce new growth and sex cells
A
Reproduction
11
Q
What are the LEVELS of organization of the human body from SMALLEST to LARGEST
A
Chemical Level Cellular level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism Level
12
Q
What level of organization involves: atoms, molecules and organelles
A
Chemical Level
13
Q
What level of organization consists of Consists of cells- the smallest living structures
basic units of structure and function in organisms
Formed from atoms and molecules from the chemical level
A
Cellular Level
14
Q
What level of organization consist of Consists of tissues- groups of similar cells performing common functions
A
Tissue level
15
Q
What level of organization consist of Consists of organs- two or more tissue types performing specific functions
e.g., the small intestine composed of all four tissue types, working to process and absorb digested nutrients
A
Organ level
16
Q
What level of organization Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function
e.g., organs of the digestive system working together to digest food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste products
A
Organ System Level
17
Q
What level of organization is this…
Highest level of structural organization
All body functions working interdependently in an organism- the living being
A
Organism Level
18
Q
What is the level of organization that is the BASIC functioning unit of the body
A
Cellular Level
19
Q
What are the 11 Organ systems?
A
Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System
20
Q
What are the characteristics of the anatomical position
A
Feet Flat Facing forward head level Looking forward Arms at side Palms Forward
21
Q
This plane divides the body or organ into EQUAL right and left halves
A
Midsagittal Plane
22
Q
This plane divides the body or organ into UNEQUAL right and left portions
A
Sagittal Plane
23
Q
This plane divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
A
Coronal Plane
24
Q
This plane divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
A
Transverse Plane
25
This plane divides the body at an angle
Oblique Plane
26
What is the term for " Toward the Head"
Superior\Cephalic
27
What is the term for " Toward the Tail"
Inferior\ Caudal
28
What is the term for " Toward the Midline"
Medial
29
What is the term for " Away from the midline"
Lateral
30
What is the term for " Toward the front of the body"
Anterior
31
What is the term for " Toward the back of the body"
Posterior\Dorsal
32
What is the term for a limb that points further away from the attachment
Distal
33
What is the term for a limb that points closer to the attachment
Proximal
34
What is term for " Closer to the surface"
Superficial
35
What is the term for " Further away from the surface"
Deep
36
Heart to lung
Medial
37
Skin to ribs
Superficial
38
Arms to lungs
Lateral
39
Legs to head
Inferior
40
Nose to eyes
Medial
41
Fingers to Elbow
Distal
42
Knee to Thigh
Distal
43
Nose to Back
Anterior
44
What region contains the head, neck, and truck
Axial Region
45
What are the Posterior cavities ( Lined with meninges)
Cranial, Vertebral
46
What are the Anterior Cavities (Ventral) (Lined with serous membranes)
Thoracic (pericardial, pleura)
47
What are in the abdominopelvic cavity (Lined with serous membranes
Abdomen, Pelvis
48
What region consists of upper and lower limbs
Appendicular Region
49
What is the term for the " Upper Arm"
Brachial
50
What is the term for the " Lower Arm"
Antebrachial
51
What is the term for the " Upper leg"
Femoral
52
What is the term for the butt
Gluteus
53
What is the term for the neck
Cervical
54
What is the term for the head
Cephal
55
What is the term for armpit
Axillary
56
What is the term for wrist
Carpal
57
What is the term for thigh
Femoral
58
What is the term for ankle
Tarsal
59
What is the term for chest
Thoracic
60
What is the term for the hollow area behind the knee
Popliteal
61
What cavity contains the brain
Cranial Cavity
62
What cavity contains the spinal cord
Vertebral Cavity
63
What cavity is lined by meninges
Posterior Cavity
64
What forms the vertebral cavity
Spinal Cord
65
What forms the cranial cavity
Brain
66
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Diaphragm
67
What are the TWO cavities in the abdominopelvic cavity ( in order inferior to superior)
Pelvic (Inferior) Abdominal (Superior)
68
What separates the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Diaphragm Or another possible answer is nothing at all
69
What cavity is lined by serous membrane
Ventral Cavities- Lined with serous membranes
thoracic cavity (pericardial cavity, pleural cavities)
abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)
70
What are the 3 cavities in the thoracic cavity in order from lateral to medial
Pleural cavity, Pericardium cavity, mediastinum cavity
| Not sure check with instructor on this question
71
What is the membrane covering the heart
Pericardium
72
What is the membrane covering the lungs
Pleura
73
What is the membrane covering the brain
Meninges
74
What is the membrane covering the spinal cord
Meninges
75
What membrane covers organs or lines cavities and secretes a liquid substance
Serous Membrane
76
What are the layers of a serous membrane in order from superficial to deep
Parietal (superficial)
| Viseral ( Deep)
77
What is the space between the TWO layers of a serous membrane
Serous Fluid
78
What are the contents of this space ( Serous Fluid)
Ask Instructor
79
List in order the membranes\spaces\organs etc... in the pleural cavity. (Superficial to deep)
Parietal pleura
Pleural fluid
Viseral pleura
Lungs
80
List in order the membranes\spaces\organs etc... in the pericardial cavity. (Superficial to deep)
Parietal pericardium
Percardium Fluid
Viseral pericardium
Heart
81
List in order the mebranes\spaces\organs etc... in the abdominopelvic cavity. (Superficial to deep)
Parietal peritoneum
Peritoneum Fluid
Viseral peritoneum
Peritoneum (Abdominopelvic Cavity)
82
What are the contents of the cranial cavity
Brain
83
What cavity is formed by the vertebrae
Posterior Cavity (Vertebral Cavity)
vertebral canal formed by the bones of the vertebral column
houses the spinal cord
84
What are the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic region ( in order right to left and top to bottom)
Right Hypochondriac region, Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac region, Right lumbar region,
Umbilical region, Left lumbar region, Right iliac region, Hypogastric region, Left iliac region,
85
The 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic region in order ( right to left and top to bottom)
RUQ, LUQ
| RLQ, LLQ
86
What is the mechanism by which the body maintains a typical range of blood glucose (Sugar) regardless of carbohydrate intake
Homeostasis
87
What are the control systems used in homeostasis
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
88
What control system detects changes in the internal or external conditions
Receptor
89
A change in an internal or external condition
Stimulus
90
What control system determines how to respond to a stimulus
Effector
91
This control system causes a change in response to a stimulus
Control Center ( NOT SURE)
92
Feedback Systems that work to maintain homeostasis
Negative and Positive Feedbacks
93
How does positive feedback and negative feedback systems function to maintain homeostasis
Negative feedback: ***Resulting action in the OPPOSITE! direction of stimulus
If stimulus increases, homeostatic control system activated to cause a decrease in the stimulus
If stimulus decreases, homeostatic control system activated to cause an increase in the stimulus
Positive Feedback:
***Moves the stimulus in the SAME! direction
Occurs less frequently than negative feedback
Typically works with negative feedback
94
What is the NORMAL body temperature
98.6 degrees F and 37 Degrees C
95
What is the Normal blood glucose
80-110 mg\dl
96
What is the NORMAL blood PH
7.35-7.45
97
Describe how negative feedback would work to maintain body temperature, blood, glucose, and PH
If stimulus increases, homeostatic control system activated to cause a decrease in the stimulus
If stimulus decreases, homeostatic control system activated to cause an increase in the stimulus
98
Studies the form and structure of the body
Anatomy
99
Examines how the body functions
Physiology
100
What are inseparable
Structure and Function
101
Examines structures that must be visualized under microscope
Microscopic Anatomy
102
The study of body cells and their internal structure
Cytology
103
The study of tissues
Histology
104
Investigates structures visable to the unaided eye
Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy
105
Physiology focuses on what level
Cellular
106
____________ occurs at the cellular level
Functioning
107
Simplest to most complex levels of organization:
1. Chemical level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System Level
6. Organism Level
108
The chemical level involves _______ and ________
Atoms and molecules
109
Smallest units of matter
Atoms
110
One or more combined atoms like sugar, vitamins
molecules
111
what are some examples of Macromolecules
proteins and DNA
112
What are microscopic sub units in cells composed of macromolecules
Organelles
113
Basic units of structure and function in organism
Cells
114
What is the highest level of structural organization
Organism Level
115
Organization the human body
```
Starts with an atom
then a molecule
then a macromolecule
then an organelle
then a cell
then a tissue
then a organ
then organ system level
then the organism
```
116
In humans there are ______ organ systems
11
117
What system provides protection, regulates body temperature, synthesizes vitamin D and prevent water loss
Integumentary System
118
What system produces body movement, generates heat and muscles contract
Muscular System
119
What system provides support and protection, site of hemopoesis (blood cell production), Stores calcium and phosphorous, provide sites for muscle attachment
Skeletal System
120
What system controls body movement by initiating responses to muscles, processes and responds to sensory stimuli, also responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory
Nervous System
121
What system consists of glands and cells cluster that secrete hormones, which regulate development, growth and metabolism, maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, and control reproduction
Endocrine System
122
What system transports and filter lymph and participates in an immune response when necessary
Lymphatic System
123
What system consists of heart and blood vessels, the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products
Cardiovascular System
124
What system is responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs
Respiratory System
125
What system filters blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrate waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body
Urinary System
126
What System mechanically and chemically digest food particles, absorbs nutrients, and expel waste products
Digestive System
127
What system produces male sex cells
Male Reproductive System
128
What system produces female sex cells
Female Reproductive System
129
Slice or cut to expose internal anatomy
Section
130
Imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Plane
131
Toward the belly
Ventral\Anterior
132
Lateral aspect of leg
Fibular
133
Hallux
Big Toe
134
Hand
Mansus
135
Posterior aspect of the elbow
olecranal
136
Thumb
Pollex
137
Medial aspect of leg
Tibial
138
Ankle
Tarsal
139
Chin
Mental
140
Outer layer
Parietal Layer
141
What layer COVERS the organs
Visceral Layer
142
Liquid that serves as a lubricant
Serous Fluid
143
What cavity contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters
Abdominal Cavity
144
What cavity contains distal large intestine, remainder of ureters, and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
Pelvic Cavity
145
Middle region for the abdomen
Umbilical region
146
What region is Superior to the umbilical region
Epigastric Region
147
What region is inferior to the umbilical region
Hypogastric region
148
Inferior to coastal cartliages and lateral to epigastric region
Right and left hypochondriac
149
Lateral to the umbilical region
Right and Left lumbar
150
Lateral to the hypogastric region
Right and Left iliac
151
Response of a homeostatic system occurs through a feedback loop
1. Stimulus
2. Detection of stimulus by receptor
3. Information relayed to the control center
4. Integration of the input by the control center and initiation of change through effectors.
5. Return of Homeostasis by the actions of effectors
152
Temperature Regulation:
- Body temperature drops
- Sensory receptors detect this and signal the hypothalmus (Component of the brain)
- Hypothalamus alert nerve impulses in blood vessels in the skin to "decrease" the inside opening of the vessles.
- This decrease amount of blood circulating to the surface of the body.
- Less heat is released through skin
- Nerve impulses are sent to SKELETAL muscles, causing Shivering
- Nerve impulses are sent to smooth muscles of hair follicles , causing " Goose Bumps"
Body Temperature RISES
- Sensory receptors detect this and signal the hypothalamus
- Hypothalamus alert nerve impulses in blood vessels in the skin to "increase" the inside opening of the vessels
- This increases the amount of blood circulating to the body surface
- More heat is released through the skin
153
What is the process of investigation, using observation, experimentation, and reasoning
Science
154
Possible explanations ( An educated guess) is what?
Hypotheses
155
What is dynamic science with new ideas appearing and replacing old ones
Biology
156
_____________ systematically conduct experiments to evaluate and reevaluate hypotheses
Scientists
157
What are the stages of scientific research
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Design of scientific experiements
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusion
158
Scientists present research in peer reviewed scientific journals:
* Abstract
* Introduction
* Experimental Procedure
* Results and Discussion
* Conclusion
* References
159
Independent Variable ( X axis) Researcher controls:
Time, Chemicals given, Exercise level
160
Dependent Variable ( Y axis) Response measured:
Weight and blood concentration
