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MLS 322 > Exam 1: NLMEB stuff > Flashcards

Exam 1: NLMEB stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relative normal % of neutrophils?

A

50 – 70%

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2
Q

What does an abnormally high amount of neutrophils indicate?

A
  • bacterial infections (typically within the range of 85 – 90%)
  • stress
  • burns. trauma
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3
Q

What is the relative normal % of lymphocytes?

A

18 – 42%

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4
Q

What does an abnormally high amount of lymphocytes indicate?

A

viral infections

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5
Q

What is the relative normal % of monocytes?

A

2 – 11%

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6
Q

What does an abnormally high amount of monocytes indicate?

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis

- severe infections

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7
Q

What is the relative normal % of eosinophils?

A

0 – 4%

or 1 – 3%

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8
Q

What does an abnormally high amount of eosinophils indicate?

A
  • parasites
  • allergies
  • asthma
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9
Q

What is the relative normal % of basophils?

A

0 – 2%

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10
Q

What does an abnormally high amount of basophils indicate?

A
  • immediate hypersensitivity reactions
  • CML patients
  • asthma attack
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11
Q

List the granulocytes.

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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12
Q

What is the normal range of segmented neutrophils?

A

50 – 70%

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13
Q

How big are segmented neutrophils?

A

About 10 – 16 microns

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14
Q

What is the lifespan of segmented neutrophils?

A

About 7 hours

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15
Q

Describe the nucleus of segmented neutrophils.

A
  • dark purple

- typically 2 – 5 segmented lobes

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16
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of segmented neutrophils.

A
  • light pink/neutral color
  • has secondary granules
  • has lysosomes, myeloperoxidase
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17
Q

What are the 3 steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Migration
  2. Opsonization
  3. Phagocytosis
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18
Q

What is involved in the migration step of phagocytosis?

A
  • chemoattractants
  • chemotaxis
  • diapedesis
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19
Q

What are chemoattractants?

A
  • responsible for attracting neutrophils

- involved in the migration step of phagocytosis

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20
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A
  • movement toward bacteria

- involved in the migration step of phagocytosis

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21
Q

What is diapedesis?

A
  • ability of neutrophils to squeeze through lining cells

- involved in the migration step of phagocytosis

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22
Q

What happens in opsonization?

A
  • bacteria (or fungi, etc.) is coated with immunoglobulins and/or complement
  • once coated: the neutrophils recognize receptors and attach (like lock and key)
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23
Q

Fun fact: The term “opsonin” is Greek for ___.

A

“prepare for dining”

24
Q

**What are the 2 ways in which phagocytosis occurs?

A
  1. oxygen-dependent mode

2. non-oxygen-dependent mode

25
Q

**What happens during the oxygen-dependent mode of phagocytosis?

A
  • releases NADPH oxidase
  • respiratory burst
  • check dis equation:
    superoxide & hydrogen peroxide
    + myeloperoxidase
    = bleach (hypochlorous acid)
26
Q

**What happens during the non-oxygen-dependent mode of phagocytosis?

A
  • change in pH

- release of lysomal and proteolytic enzymes

27
Q

What is the normal range of banded neutrophils?

A

0 – 5%

28
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of banded neutrophils.

A

the same as segmented neutrophils lol

29
Q

What does an abnormally high amount of neutrophils indicate?

A

increased levels (ex: 15%) indicate the same as elevated segs would, except with more severity

30
Q

How big are eosinophils?

A

About 13 microns

31
Q

Describe the nucleus of eosinophils.

A
  • mostly bi-lobed

- dark purple

32
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of eosinophils.

A 
- orange granules, which contain:
     # histamine
     # MBP
     # NO lysosomes**
33
Q

What does MBP mean?

A

Major Basic Protein

34
Q

Explain the stability of eosinophil levels.

A

Eosinophils undergo diurnal variation.

Diurnal variation: increased levels at night, decreased levels in the morning

35
Q

How big are basophils?

A

About 10 microns

36
Q

Describe the nucleus of basophils.

A 
- bi-lobed, but heavily covered with dark blue/purple granules which contain:
     # heparin
     # histamine
37
Q

What is difficult about the granules of basophils?

A

Their granules are water-soluble.

The granules can wash away, thus making it more difficult to identify.

38
Q

Explain the stability of basophil levels.

A

Basophils undergo diurnal variation.

Diurnal variation: increased levels at night, decreased levels in the morning

39
Q

Explain immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

A
  • example: anaphylactic seizure

- indicated by increased basophil levels

40
Q

Explain CML.

A
  • Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

- indicated by very increased basophil levels

41
Q

Explain asthma attack (severe).

A
  • indicated by increased basophil levels

- acute one or really intense chronic one

42
Q

List the non-granulocytes.

A
  1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

43
Q

What is the normal range of lymphocytes in adults?

A

20 – 44%

44
Q

What is the normal range of lymphocytes in children?

A

25 – 55%

45
Q

Why is the normal range of lymphocytes higher in children than they are in adults?

A

This is because the immune system is still developing in children.

46
Q

How big are lymphocytes?

A
  • about 7 – 10 microns (mostly)

- about the same size as RBCs

47
Q

Describe the nucleus of lymphocytes.

A

chromatin is clumped

48
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of lymphocytes.

A
  • pale blue

- NO granules

49
Q

What is the N:C ratio of lymphocytes?

A

4 : 1

Nucleus takes up a majority of cell space

50
Q

What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?

A
  • some can live for years

- think of the memory cells

51
Q

What might reactive lymphocytes indicate?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

52
Q

How big are monocytes?

A

About 14 – 20 microns

53
Q

Describe the nucleus of monocytes.

A

kidney-bean shape

54
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of monocytes.

A
  • dull, gray-blue color
  • has fine red granules
    # ground glass appearance
  • DOES have vacuoles
55
Q

What other cells can monocytes be mistaken for?

A

They can be mistaken for large lymphocytes.

To differentiate between them:

  • Check cytoplasm (a little more transparent in lymphs)
  • Lymphs are indented by RBCs whereas monos are not

MLS 322 (3 decks)

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