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MLS 322 > Exam 1: NLMEB stuff > Flashcards

Exam 1: NLMEB stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relative normal % of neutrophils?

A

50 – 70%

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2
Q

What does an abnormally high amount of neutrophils indicate?

A
  • bacterial infections (typically within the range of 85 – 90%)
  • stress
  • burns. trauma
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3
Q

What is the relative normal % of lymphocytes?

A

18 – 42%

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4
Q

What does an abnormally high amount of lymphocytes indicate?

A

viral infections

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5
Q

What is the relative normal % of monocytes?

A

2 – 11%

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6
Q

What does an abnormally high amount of monocytes indicate?

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis

- severe infections

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7
Q

What is the relative normal % of eosinophils?

A

0 – 4%

or 1 – 3%

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8
Q

What does an abnormally high amount of eosinophils indicate?

A
  • parasites
  • allergies
  • asthma
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9
Q

What is the relative normal % of basophils?

A

0 – 2%

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10
Q

What does an abnormally high amount of basophils indicate?

A
  • immediate hypersensitivity reactions
  • CML patients
  • asthma attack
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11
Q

List the granulocytes.

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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12
Q

What is the normal range of segmented neutrophils?

A

50 – 70%

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13
Q

How big are segmented neutrophils?

A

About 10 – 16 microns

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14
Q

What is the lifespan of segmented neutrophils?

A

About 7 hours

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15
Q

Describe the nucleus of segmented neutrophils.

A
  • dark purple

- typically 2 – 5 segmented lobes

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16
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of segmented neutrophils.

A
  • light pink/neutral color
  • has secondary granules
  • has lysosomes, myeloperoxidase
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17
Q

What are the 3 steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Migration
  2. Opsonization
  3. Phagocytosis
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18
Q

What is involved in the migration step of phagocytosis?

A
  • chemoattractants
  • chemotaxis
  • diapedesis
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19
Q

What are chemoattractants?

A
  • responsible for attracting neutrophils

- involved in the migration step of phagocytosis

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20
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A
  • movement toward bacteria

- involved in the migration step of phagocytosis

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21
Q

What is diapedesis?

A
  • ability of neutrophils to squeeze through lining cells

- involved in the migration step of phagocytosis

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22
Q

What happens in opsonization?

A
  • bacteria (or fungi, etc.) is coated with immunoglobulins and/or complement
  • once coated: the neutrophils recognize receptors and attach (like lock and key)
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23
Q

Fun fact: The term “opsonin” is Greek for ___.

Study These Flashcards
A

“prepare for dining”

24
Q

**What are the 2 ways in which phagocytosis occurs?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. oxygen-dependent mode

2. non-oxygen-dependent mode

25
**What happens during the oxygen-dependent mode of phagocytosis?
- releases NADPH oxidase - respiratory burst - check dis equation: superoxide & hydrogen peroxide + myeloperoxidase = bleach (hypochlorous acid)
26
**What happens during the non-oxygen-dependent mode of phagocytosis?
- change in pH | - release of lysomal and proteolytic enzymes
27
What is the normal range of banded neutrophils?
0 -- 5%
28
Describe the cytoplasm of banded neutrophils.
the same as segmented neutrophils lol
29
What does an abnormally high amount of neutrophils indicate?
increased levels (ex: 15%) indicate the same as elevated segs would, except with more severity
30
How big are eosinophils?
About 13 microns
31
Describe the nucleus of eosinophils.
- mostly bi-lobed | - dark purple
32
Describe the cytoplasm of eosinophils.
``` - orange granules, which contain: # histamine # MBP # NO lysosomes** ```
33
What does MBP mean?
Major Basic Protein
34
Explain the stability of eosinophil levels.
Eosinophils undergo diurnal variation. Diurnal variation: increased levels at night, decreased levels in the morning
35
How big are basophils?
About 10 microns
36
Describe the nucleus of basophils.
``` - bi-lobed, but heavily covered with dark blue/purple granules which contain: # heparin # histamine ```
37
What is difficult about the granules of basophils?
Their granules are water-soluble. The granules can wash away, thus making it more difficult to identify.
38
Explain the stability of basophil levels.
Basophils undergo diurnal variation. Diurnal variation: increased levels at night, decreased levels in the morning
39
Explain immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
- example: anaphylactic seizure | - indicated by increased basophil levels
40
Explain CML.
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia | - indicated by very increased basophil levels
41
Explain asthma attack (severe).
- indicated by increased basophil levels | - acute one or really intense chronic one
42
List the non-granulocytes.
1. Lymphocytes | 2. Monocytes
43
What is the normal range of lymphocytes in adults?
20 -- 44%
44
What is the normal range of lymphocytes in children?
25 -- 55%
45
Why is the normal range of lymphocytes higher in children than they are in adults?
This is because the immune system is still developing in children.
46
How big are lymphocytes?
- about 7 -- 10 microns (mostly) | - about the same size as RBCs
47
Describe the nucleus of lymphocytes.
chromatin is clumped
48
Describe the cytoplasm of lymphocytes.
- pale blue | - NO granules
49
What is the N:C ratio of lymphocytes?
4 : 1 Nucleus takes up a majority of cell space
50
What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?
- some can live for years | - think of the memory cells
51
What might reactive lymphocytes indicate?
Infectious mononucleosis
52
How big are monocytes?
About 14 -- 20 microns
53
Describe the nucleus of monocytes.
kidney-bean shape
54
Describe the cytoplasm of monocytes.
- dull, gray-blue color - has fine red granules # ground glass appearance - DOES have vacuoles
55
What other cells can monocytes be mistaken for?
They can be mistaken for large lymphocytes. To differentiate between them: - Check cytoplasm (a little more transparent in lymphs) - Lymphs are indented by RBCs whereas monos are not

MLS 322 (3 decks)

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