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Exam 1 Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

The Central Nervous system consists of the

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

The 3 Primary Brain Vesicles

A

Forebrain: Prosencephalon
Midbrain:Mesencephalon
Hindbrain: Rhombencephalon

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3
Q

Prosencephalon secondary vesicles

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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4
Q

Rhombencephalon secondary vesicles

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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5
Q

Telencephalon: Adult brain structures and nerves

A

Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

CNI

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6
Q

Telencephalon: Adult neural canal regions

A

Lateral ventricles

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7
Q

Diencephalon: Adult Brain Structures and nerves

A

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), Retina

CN II

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8
Q

Diencephalon: Adult Neural canal regions

A

Third ventricle

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9
Q

Mesencephalon: Adult Brain structures and Nerves

A

Brain stem: midbrain

CN III, IV

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10
Q

Mesencephalon: Adult Neural Canal Regions

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

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11
Q

Metencephalon: Adult brain structures and nerves

A

Brain stem: Pons
Cerebellum

CN V

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12
Q

Metencephalon : Adult Neural Canal Regions

A

Upper fourth ventricle

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13
Q

Myelencephalon: Adult Brain structures and nerves

A

Brain stem: Medulla Oblongata

CN VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

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14
Q

Myelencephalon: Adult Neural Canal Regions

A

Fourth ventricle

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15
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves

A

36

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16
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

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17
Q

Peripheral Nervous system consists of

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) neurons
  2. Motor (efferent) neurons
  3. Afferent and efferent neurons can further break down into different categories
    • Somatic- skin and skeletal muscle
    • Visceral- organs
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18
Q

Cells of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

Satellite Cells
Schwann Cells

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19
Q

Cells of the Central Nervous System

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells

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20
Q

Neuron

A

Functional unit of the NS
Most important feature is ability to communicate with AP

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21
Q

Basic types of neurons

A

Unipolar (typically sensory)
Bipolar
Multipolar (most common, typically motor)

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22
Q

Supportive cells: Glia cells

A

Glial cells- non-excitable supportive cells; maintain homeostasis and form myelin (gives nerves white color)
1.Astrocytes
2.Satellite cells
3.Oligodendrocytes
4.Schwann cells
5.Microglial cells
6.Ependymal cells

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23
Q

Astrocytes

A

CNS; BBB, selective permeability

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24
Q

Satellite Cells

A

PNS; surround neurons’ sensory ANS ganglia

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25
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS; myelin sheath formation in CNS

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26
Q

Schwann Cells

A

PNS; myelin sheath formation in PNS

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27
Q

Microglial Cells

A

CNS; macrophages of the CNS

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28
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

CNS; surrounds ventricular system, secrete CSF

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29
Q

Motor Systems

A

Only 2 different ones: somatic efferent and visceral efferent
Function to target specific places

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30
Q

Somatic: Efferent

A

Voluntary motor

Goes to skeletal muscle, all spinal nerves, and CNN III, IV, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII

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31
Q

Visceral: Efferent

A

Autonomic motor

Goes to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue, all spinal nerves, splanchnic nerves, sacral spinal nerves, and CNN III, VII, IX and X

32
Q

Sensory Systems

A

Somatic Afferent
Visceral Afferent
Proprioception

33
Q

Somatic: Afferent

A

General: temperature, touch, noxious stimuli, all spinal nerves, CN V

Special: vision, hearing, CNN II and VIII

34
Q

Visceral: Afferent

A

General: organ content, distention, and chemicals, splanchnic branches of spinal nerves, CNN VII, IX, X

Special: taste, olfaction, CNN I, VII, IX, X

35
Q

Proprioception

A

General: muscle movement, joint movement, all spinal nerves, CN V

Special: vestibular system, CN VIII

36
Q

Frontal Lobe

37
Q

Parietal

38
Q

Telencephalon function

A

Receives and processes sensory information
Voluntary motor control (UMN)
Memory and behavior

39
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Neuronal cell bodies located on surface in layers

40
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Collections of neuronal cell bodies deeper in cerebrum

41
Q

Diencephalon Function

A

Relays information to cerebral cortex
Alertness and awareness
Autonomic/regulatory control center
UMN
Vision pathways

42
Q

The three structures in the epithalamus

A

Stria habenularis, Habenular nucleus, Pineal body

43
Q

Interthalamic Adhesion

44
Q

Thalamus

45
Q

Hypothalamus

46
Q

Metathalmus

47
Q

Mesencephalic aqueduct (cerebral aqueduct)

A

Connects 3rd to 4th ventricles

48
Q

Mesencephalon Structures

A

Tectum
Cerebral peduncles

49
Q

Tectum

50
Q

Rostral colliculus

51
Q

Caudal Colliculus

52
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

53
Q

Metencephalon Function

A

Motor neurons
Coordination of motor functions
Pons functions
Alertness

54
Q

Cerebellum

56
Q

Myelencephalon Function

A

Motor neurons (UMN)
Ascending sensory and descending motor pathways through medulla oblongata
Alertness
Cardiovascular and respiratory control centers

57
Q

Pyramid

58
Q

Spinal Cord: Gray matter

A

cell bodies of LMN
The dorsal, lateral, and ventral horns
surrounds central canal

59
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter

A

axons
Descending and ascending horns
surrounds gray matter

60
Q

Spinal Cord: Central Canal

A

Lined by ependymal cells

61
Q

Spinal Nerves

62
Q

Vertebral Formula

63
Q

Spinal Cord Segments

64
Q

Cord ends at L6 (cauda equina)

65
Q

Regions of the Spinal Cord: Anatomical Regions

A

Cervical (C1-8)
Thoracic (T1-13)
Lumber (L1-7)
Sacral (S1-3)
Caudal (Cd1-5ish)

66
Q

Regions of the Spinal Cord: Clinical Regions

A

Neck (C1-5)
Thoracic limb (C6-T2)
Thoracolumbar (T3-L3)
Pelvic limb (L4-S1)
Sacrocaudal (S1-Cd5)

67
Q

Blood Supply: Brain

A

Internal carotid aa –> Common Carotid–> Brachiocephalic trunk

Vertebral artery –> Subclavian
- supplies brain and cervical part of spinal cord

Rostral cerebral
Middle cerebral
Caudal cerebral
Rostral cerebellar
Caudal cerebellar

68
Q

Blood Supply: Spinal Cord

A

Cervical region : Vertebral Arteries
Thoracic region: Intercostal Arteries
Lumbar region : Lumbar Arteries

69
Q

Spinal Artery

A

Spinal arteries enter the spinal cord through intervertebral foramina

spinal artery to Dorsal & Ventral branches (radicular) to either Right & Left Dorsal Spinal Arteries to Ventral Spinal Artery

70
Q

What percentage of cardiac output is supplied to neural tissue?

71
Q

Basilar Artery Blood Flow

A

Basilar Artery to Internal Carotid Artery to Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis)

The vertebral and ventral spinal arteries form the Basilar artery

72
Q

Species Variations

A

Non-artiodactyls : canine, equine, humans

Artiodactyls : cattle, sheep, goats, camels, pigs
- Intracranial epidural rete mirabile
- Cats also have an external rete mirabile

73
Q

Which artery is the major vessel to the cerebrum?

A

Middle cerebral artery

74
Q

Most important vein to know

A

Dorsal Sagittal Sinus

75
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Modified capillary structure to protect the CNS from circulating substances
- Endothelial tight junctions
- Astrocyte processes
- Lack of fenestration
Clinical relevance:
- Protects against toxic substances
- Barriers to medications
- Tumors/inflammation break BBB

Which organs in the brain lack BBB?
- Circumventricular organs (median eminence, area postrema, pineal gland)

76
Q

Circumventricular organs

A

Where physiologic stimuli are released into the bloodstream

Anatomy 2 (16 decks)

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