Anatomy 2 > Exam 1 Neuro > Flashcards

Exam 1 Neuro Flashcards

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1
Q

The Central Nervous system consists of the

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

The 3 Primary Brain Vesicles

A

Forebrain: Prosencephalon
Midbrain:Mesencephalon
Hindbrain: Rhombencephalon

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3
Q

Prosencephalon secondary vesicles

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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4
Q

Rhombencephalon secondary vesicles

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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5
Q

Telencephalon: Adult brain structures and nerves

A

Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

CNI

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6
Q

Telencephalon: Adult neural canal regions

A

Lateral ventricles

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7
Q

Diencephalon: Adult Brain Structures and nerves

A

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), Retina

CN II

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8
Q

Diencephalon: Adult Neural canal regions

A

Third ventricle

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9
Q

Mesencephalon: Adult Brain structures and Nerves

A

Brain stem: midbrain

CN III, IV

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10
Q

Mesencephalon: Adult Neural Canal Regions

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

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11
Q

Metencephalon: Adult brain structures and nerves

A

Brain stem: Pons
Cerebellum

CN V

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12
Q

Metencephalon : Adult Neural Canal Regions

A

Upper fourth ventricle

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13
Q

Myelencephalon: Adult Brain structures and nerves

A

Brain stem: Medulla Oblongata

CN VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

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14
Q

Myelencephalon: Adult Neural Canal Regions

A

Fourth ventricle

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15
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves

A

36

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16
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

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17
Q

Peripheral Nervous system consists of

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) neurons
  2. Motor (efferent) neurons
  3. Afferent and efferent neurons can further break down into different categories
    • Somatic- skin and skeletal muscle
    • Visceral- organs
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18
Q

Cells of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

Satellite Cells
Schwann Cells

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19
Q

Cells of the Central Nervous System

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells

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20
Q

Neuron

A

Functional unit of the NS
Most important feature is ability to communicate with AP

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21
Q

Basic types of neurons

A

Unipolar (typically sensory)
Bipolar
Multipolar (most common, typically motor)

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22
Q

Supportive cells: Glia cells

A

Glial cells- non-excitable supportive cells; maintain homeostasis and form myelin (gives nerves white color)
1.Astrocytes
2.Satellite cells
3.Oligodendrocytes
4.Schwann cells
5.Microglial cells
6.Ependymal cells

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23
Q

Astrocytes

A

CNS; BBB, selective permeability

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24
Q

Satellite Cells

A

PNS; surround neurons’ sensory ANS ganglia

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25
Oligodendrocytes
CNS; myelin sheath formation in CNS
26
Schwann Cells
PNS; myelin sheath formation in PNS
27
Microglial Cells
CNS; macrophages of the CNS
28
Ependymal Cells
CNS; surrounds ventricular system, secrete CSF
29
Motor Systems
Only 2 different ones: somatic efferent and visceral efferent Function to target specific places
30
Somatic: Efferent
Voluntary motor Goes to skeletal muscle, all spinal nerves, and CNN III, IV, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII
31
Visceral: Efferent
Autonomic motor Goes to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue, all spinal nerves, splanchnic nerves, sacral spinal nerves, and CNN III, VII, IX and X
32
Sensory Systems
Somatic Afferent Visceral Afferent Proprioception
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Somatic: Afferent
General: temperature, touch, noxious stimuli, all spinal nerves, CN V Special: vision, hearing, CNN II and VIII
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Visceral: Afferent
General: organ content, distention, and chemicals, splanchnic branches of spinal nerves, CNN VII, IX, X Special: taste, olfaction, CNN I, VII, IX, X
35
Proprioception
General: muscle movement, joint movement, all spinal nerves, CN V Special: vestibular system, CN VIII
36
Frontal Lobe
37
Parietal
38
Telencephalon function
Receives and processes sensory information Voluntary motor control (UMN) Memory and behavior
39
Cerebral Cortex
Neuronal cell bodies located on surface in layers
40
Basal Nuclei
Collections of neuronal cell bodies deeper in cerebrum
41
Diencephalon Function
Relays information to cerebral cortex Alertness and awareness Autonomic/regulatory control center UMN Vision pathways
42
The three structures in the epithalamus
Stria habenularis, Habenular nucleus, Pineal body
43
Interthalamic Adhesion
44
Thalamus
45
Hypothalamus
46
Metathalmus
47
Mesencephalic aqueduct (cerebral aqueduct)
Connects 3rd to 4th ventricles
48
Mesencephalon Structures
Tectum Cerebral peduncles
49
Tectum
50
Rostral colliculus
51
Caudal Colliculus
52
Cerebral Peduncles
53
Metencephalon Function
Motor neurons Coordination of motor functions Pons functions Alertness
54
Cerebellum
55
Pons
56
Myelencephalon Function
Motor neurons (UMN) Ascending sensory and descending motor pathways through medulla oblongata Alertness Cardiovascular and respiratory control centers
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Pyramid
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Spinal Cord: Gray matter
cell bodies of LMN The dorsal, lateral, and ventral horns surrounds central canal
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Spinal Cord: White Matter
axons Descending and ascending horns surrounds gray matter
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Spinal Cord: Central Canal
Lined by ependymal cells
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Spinal Nerves
62
Vertebral Formula
63
Spinal Cord Segments
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Cord ends at L6 (cauda equina)
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Regions of the Spinal Cord: Anatomical Regions
Cervical (C1-8) Thoracic (T1-13) Lumber (L1-7) Sacral (S1-3) Caudal (Cd1-5ish)
66
Regions of the Spinal Cord: Clinical Regions
Neck (C1-5) Thoracic limb (C6-T2) Thoracolumbar (T3-L3) Pelvic limb (L4-S1) Sacrocaudal (S1-Cd5)
67
Blood Supply: Brain
Internal carotid aa --> Common Carotid--> Brachiocephalic trunk Vertebral artery --> Subclavian - supplies brain and cervical part of spinal cord Rostral cerebral Middle cerebral Caudal cerebral Rostral cerebellar Caudal cerebellar
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Blood Supply: Spinal Cord
Cervical region : Vertebral Arteries Thoracic region: Intercostal Arteries Lumbar region : Lumbar Arteries
69
Spinal Artery
Spinal arteries enter the spinal cord through intervertebral foramina spinal artery to Dorsal & Ventral branches (radicular) to either Right & Left Dorsal Spinal Arteries to Ventral Spinal Artery
70
What percentage of cardiac output is supplied to neural tissue?
15-20%
71
Basilar Artery Blood Flow
Basilar Artery to Internal Carotid Artery to Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis) The vertebral and ventral spinal arteries form the Basilar artery
72
Species Variations
Non-artiodactyls : canine, equine, humans Artiodactyls : cattle, sheep, goats, camels, pigs - Intracranial epidural rete mirabile - Cats also have an external rete mirabile
73
Which artery is the major vessel to the cerebrum?
Middle cerebral artery
74
Most important vein to know
Dorsal Sagittal Sinus
75
Blood Brain Barrier
Modified capillary structure to protect the CNS from circulating substances - Endothelial tight junctions - Astrocyte processes - Lack of fenestration Clinical relevance: - Protects against toxic substances - Barriers to medications - Tumors/inflammation break BBB Which organs in the brain lack BBB? - Circumventricular organs (median eminence, area postrema, pineal gland)
76
Circumventricular organs
Where physiologic stimuli are released into the bloodstream
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