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Anatomy 2 > Equine Abdomen > Flashcards

Equine Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Colic

A

Also known as abdominal pain.

Affects up to 10% of horses

Predisposing Factors
Anatomical
1. Free Moving Intestine
2. Acute Reductions in Diameter
3. Wide Mesentery
4. Natural Openings

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2
Q

What percent of horses will have Equine Gastric Ulcer

A

75% will have this, especially race horses

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3
Q

Sites of Colon impaction

A

Ceco-colic junction
pelvic flexure
Between right dorsal colon and transverse colon

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4
Q

Colon Impaction

A

Large Colon
Could cause horse to colic

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5
Q

Equine Rectal Tears

A

Due to improper examination

Liability
Emergency
Location
Assess
Classification

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6
Q

Abdominal Wall

A

Once the skin is reflected from the abdominal wall
You will see
“Spur” Vein
Subiliac Lymph Nodes
Abdominal Fascia
Abdominal Muscles

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7
Q

Superficial Thoracic Vein (spur vein)

A

Used if unable to do venipuncture on the jugular vein

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8
Q

Subiliac Lymph Nodes

A

Dorsal to the stifle joint cranial to the tensor fascia lata

Drain the superficial parts of the hip, thigh, and flank

Send efferent lymph vessels to the lateral iliac lymph nodes in the abdomen

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9
Q

Abdominal Fascia consists of

A

Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
- Abdominal Tunic

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10
Q

Superficial Fascia

A

Made up of loose connective tissue

Covers the jugular groove

Cervical Portion covers:
1.Superficial Muscles of the Neck
2.Jugular Groove

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11
Q

Deep Fascia

A

Made up of Dense connective tissue

Cervical portion covers:
1.Carotid Sheet
2.Trachea
3.Esophagus

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12
Q

Abdominal Tunic

A

Covers the external abdominal oblique

Deep Fascia in Nature

Must be sutured
1. Paralumbar Fossa
2. Flank Incision : the prefered

Must be sutured after surgical approaches as the intestines will be on the floor (it is the holding layer)

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13
Q

Paralumbar Fossa

A

On the right side of the horse only

Cranial to Tuber Coxae
Caudal to Last Rib
Ventral to Transverse Processes of Lumbar Vertebra

Important for Cecal Tympany using a Trocar Cannula

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14
Q

Cecal Tympany

A

When the Cecum is inflated due to bacteria growth, it inflates right under the skin

Paralumbar Fossa Is important because through that area, you have to deflate the cecum when there is a colic that’s called cecal tympany

When doing this approach have to suture the deep fascia

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15
Q

Flank Incision

A

Dorsal to the stifle

Is the preferred incision for ovariectomy and loop colostomy in horses

Both sides but prefer to do on right side because not too much in the way (colon)

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16
Q

Loop Colostomy

A

Takes part of the colon and attaches to the abdominal wall so the animal can defecate outside the abdominal wall

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17
Q

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

A

External Abdominal Oblique (EAO)
Internal Abdominal Oblique (IAO)
Transversus Abdominis (TA)
Rectus Abdominis (RA)

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18
Q

External Abdominal Oblique

A

Origin:Lateral surface of the ribs and thoraco-lumbar fascia

Insertion:Tuber Coxae, Pelvic Tendon, Prepubic Tendon and Linea Alba

Direction of fibers is caudal ventral

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19
Q

Musculotendinous Junction

A

Area between the muscle and tendon of the EAO

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20
Q

Clinical Significance of Musculotendinous Junction

A

In older, emaciated horses suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the horses start to use the abdominal muscles to breathe

The line becomes hypertrophied because of the overuse

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21
Q

Heave Line

A

Hypertrophy of the musculotendinous junction due to overuse of the abdominal muscles to breathe

occurs in horses who are older, emaciated, suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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22
Q

Internal Abdominal Oblique

A

Origin: Tuber Coxae and Pelvic Tendon

Insertion: Last Rib, Costal Cartilages, Linea Alba, Prepubic Tendon

Fibers move cranial ventral

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23
Q

EAO and IAO

A

The aponeurosis of the IAO and that of the EAO form the external lamina of the Rectus abdominis

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24
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

The abdominal obliques when come together creates an inguinal area

This area can become a potential trap for intestines (especially small intestines) which will create colic

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25
Q

Deep Inguinal Ring

A

This is inside the abdominal cavity
Towards the inside

Structures inside
1. Cremaster muscle
2. Testicular Artery
3. Testicular vein
4. Ductus Deferens

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26
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A

Due to the difference in direction of muscle fibers between the EAO and IAO, when the space of the ring increases during flexion of these two muscles ( i.e mating) it becomes a potential area for intestinal entrapment and fatal colic or inguinal hernia

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27
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

A

Towards the testicle

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28
Q

Inguinal/ Scrotal Hernia

A

Palpate to tell if its scrotal or intestinal

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29
Q

Transverse Abdominis

A

Origin: Last Ribs and Lumbar Vertebrae

Insert: Linea Alba of rectus abdominis

30
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

Origin: 4th-9th Costal Cartilages and Sternum

Insert: Prepubic Tendon and Accessory Ligament

31
Q

Linea Alba

A

Area where all the abdominal muscles meet

Aponeurosis

Prime area for suturing

32
Q

Abdominal organs on the left side

A

The left kidney is more caudal than the right kidney making it easier to palpate the left kidney rectally in the horse

Spleen

33
Q

Abdominal Organs on the right side

A

Cecum

Right Ventral and Dorsal Colons

Liver

Duodenum turns at the base of the cecum where the root of the mesentery is. Cannot rectally palpate it

34
Q

Clinical significance of the spleen

A

On the left side

Nephrosplenic ligament attaches the spleen to the left kidney causing a space

35
Q

The Gastrointestinal Tract in order

A

Esophagus: starts at the dorsal aspect of the trachea then deviates to the left side , no holding layer

Stomach: on the ventral midline slightly to the left ( cannot be palpated rectally)

Duodenum: located on the right side and goes all the way at the base of the cecum adjacent to the root of mesentery and goes to the jejunum (cannot be palpated rectally unless case of anterior enteritis)

Jejunum: Major part of the small intestines its long coiled smooth on the left hand side ( between the left and right colons) small diameter

Ileum: very short and is contracted

Cecum: sits on the right hand side of the abdominal cavity. Common shape. The base of the cecum is palpable at the root of the mesentery

Colon:right ventral colon and becomes left ventral colon and passes to the pelvic flexure ( potential area for impaction colic) then move to left dorsal colon and turn to become right dorsal colon then becomes transverse colon then small colon

Rectum: end of the GI tract

36
Q

Sites of entrapment (Large intestinal)

A

Pelvic flexure:
The left dorsal and ventral colon connected by the pelvic flexure are freely moving
can cause entrapment

Nephrosplenic ligament
The spleen is attached the kidney at the nephrosplenic ligament site of entrapment

37
Q

Parasites that would be adjacent to margo plicatus

A

Gasterophilus intestinalis

38
Q

Margo Plicatus

A

Is important for examining parasites or ulcers
- If nothing is adjacent to the line the horse is clear
- Cannot say the horse is clear if you do not see the line

39
Q

How do you advance a tube for endoscopy

A

Esophagus attached/ Junction to the stomach is at an acute angle at 11th intercostal space on the left side

Important for endoscopy because the tube must be twisted

Block the false nostril so that you can advance the tube into the stomach

40
Q

The 3 muscular layers of the stomach

A
  1. Circular
  2. Longitudinal
  3. Oblique
41
Q

Pacemaker

A

An aggregation of enteric neurons that forms a plexus by themselves called Pacemaker

Able to generate electrical activity on its own

Are in the Stomach

42
Q

Parts of the Small intestine

A

Duodenum
- Major and Minor Papilla
Jejunum
- Coils and Wide Mesentery
Ileum
- Short and Contracted

43
Q

Anterior Enteritis

A

When you can palpate the duodenum

Put the probe on the right hand side of the abdominal cavity

44
Q

Ventral Edema

A
45
Q

Jejunum clinical sig

A

In volvulus the blockage of blood causes darkening of tissues and the area must be cut and put the good ends together

46
Q

Sacculation and Teniae of Large intestine

A

Cecum (4 Bands)
Right Ventral Colon (4 Bands)
Left Ventral Colon (4 Bands)
Left Dorsal Colon (No Sacculation / 1 Band)
Right Dorsal Colon (3 Bands)
Transverse Colon (No Sacculation / 2 Bands)
Small Colon (2 Bands)

47
Q

Colon displacement

A

The left ventral and left dorsal colons are long and relatively free in the abdominal cavity as a result the left ventral colon twists around causing torsion/ displacement

48
Q

Acute reduction in Diameter

A

Pelvic Flexure
Cecal Colic
RIght dorsal with Transverse colon
.
.
.
.

49
Q

Wide Mesentery

A

Intestinal Volvulus ( like in the jejunum)

50
Q

Natural Openings
these can lead to entrapment

A
  1. Inguinal Canal
    • Jejunum
  2. Nephrosplenic Lig.
    • Left Dorsal Colon
    • Pelvic Flexure
  3. Epiploic Foramen
    • Jejunum
51
Q

The Epiploic Foramen: Borders

A

Dorsally
Caudate Process of the Liver
Vena Cava
Ventrally
Right Lobe of the Pancreas
Portal Vein
Cranially
Hepatoduodenal Ligament

These borders are important for rectal palpations

52
Q

Colic Predisposing non anatomical factors

A

Lipoma
Enteroliths
Parasites
Sand

53
Q

Verminous Arteritis

A
54
Q

Diagnosis of Colic

A

Complete Case History / Signs
Complete Physical Examination
Complete Colic Workout
- Abdominal Auscultation
- Gastric Reflux
- Abdominocentesis
- Rectal Palpation
- Radiology and Ultrasound

55
Q

Capillary Refill Time

A

Put pressure on the gums and then see how fast the blood goes back

56
Q

Abdominal Auscultation Left side of the horse

A

Left ventral and dorsal colon

Spleen

57
Q

Abdominal Auscultation Right side of the horse

A

Cecum

Right dorsal and ventral colon

Will be hearing peristaltic movement ( gurgling)

58
Q

Gastric Reflux

A

Block the false nostril

Measure intercostal space

See on left side of the neck

Twist and pass

59
Q

Abdominocentesis

A

Collect peritoneal fluid 10 cm caudal to the xiphoid ventral midline

60
Q

Rectal Palpation - Left side

A

Left kidney

Spleen

Nephrosplenic area / ligament

Pelvic flexure

Left ventral and dorsal colon

small colon

61
Q

Rectal Palpation- Right side

A

Base of the cecum

Root of the mesentery

Cranial mesenteric artery (pounding pulse)

Cecocolic Arteries

Duodenum if Distended

62
Q

Classification of Equine Rectal Tears

A
63
Q

Ventral Midline Celiotomy

A

Cutting the linea alba

64
Q

Pelvic Flexure Incision

A

Incise beside the pelvic flexure

Pelvic Flexure Has a pacemaker

Operating on the pelvic flexure during colic surgery may cause ileus
Post surgical ileus= organ no longer contracts

65
Q

Suturing the Linea Alba

A

Muscles are not holding layer

Suture the linea alba by taking the two lips of the linea alba

66
Q

Complications of the Colic Surgery

A

Suture Failure
Hernia
Technical Failure
Adhesions
Infection

67
Q

Sternal Flexure

A

The right ventral colon resides on the right side of the horse and rubs cranially and ventrally. When it reaches the sternum it becomes the sternal flexure.

68
Q

Diaphragmatic flexure

A
69
Q

Parasites that block the mesenteric artery

A

Strongylus equinus
Strongylus vulgaris
strongylus edentatus

70
Q

Esophagus

A

Does not have a serosa but instead contains adventitia which makes it hard to suture

71
Q

Stomach

A

Consists of two regions
1. glandular
2. non-glandular

Contains a pacemaker nerve plexus that enables the stomach to generate contractions spontaenously

72
Q

What is the importance of sacculations and bands of the large intestines

A
  1. Increases the surface area of the intestines to increase fermentation and absorption
  2. Evoke two motility patterns which help breaking and absorbing of the ingesta
    • propulsive
    • mixing

Anatomy 2 (16 decks)

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