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Anatomy 2 > Equine Abdomen > Flashcards

Equine Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Colic

A

Also known as abdominal pain.

Affects up to 10% of horses

Predisposing Factors
Anatomical
1. Free Moving Intestine
2. Acute Reductions in Diameter
3. Wide Mesentery
4. Natural Openings

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2
Q

What percent of horses will have Equine Gastric Ulcer

A

75% will have this, especially race horses

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3
Q

Sites of Colon impaction

A

Ceco-colic junction
pelvic flexure
Between right dorsal colon and transverse colon

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4
Q

Colon Impaction

A

Large Colon
Could cause horse to colic

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5
Q

Equine Rectal Tears

A

Due to improper examination

Liability
Emergency
Location
Assess
Classification

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6
Q

Abdominal Wall

A

Once the skin is reflected from the abdominal wall
You will see
“Spur” Vein
Subiliac Lymph Nodes
Abdominal Fascia
Abdominal Muscles

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7
Q

Superficial Thoracic Vein (spur vein)

A

Used if unable to do venipuncture on the jugular vein

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8
Q

Subiliac Lymph Nodes

A

Dorsal to the stifle joint cranial to the tensor fascia lata

Drain the superficial parts of the hip, thigh, and flank

Send efferent lymph vessels to the lateral iliac lymph nodes in the abdomen

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9
Q

Abdominal Fascia consists of

A

Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
- Abdominal Tunic

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10
Q

Superficial Fascia

A

Made up of loose connective tissue

Covers the jugular groove

Cervical Portion covers:
1.Superficial Muscles of the Neck
2.Jugular Groove

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11
Q

Deep Fascia

A

Made up of Dense connective tissue

Cervical portion covers:
1.Carotid Sheet
2.Trachea
3.Esophagus

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12
Q

Abdominal Tunic

A

Covers the external abdominal oblique

Deep Fascia in Nature

Must be sutured
1. Paralumbar Fossa
2. Flank Incision : the prefered

Must be sutured after surgical approaches as the intestines will be on the floor (it is the holding layer)

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13
Q

Paralumbar Fossa

A

On the right side of the horse only

Cranial to Tuber Coxae
Caudal to Last Rib
Ventral to Transverse Processes of Lumbar Vertebra

Important for Cecal Tympany using a Trocar Cannula

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14
Q

Cecal Tympany

A

When the Cecum is inflated due to bacteria growth, it inflates right under the skin

Paralumbar Fossa Is important because through that area, you have to deflate the cecum when there is a colic that’s called cecal tympany

When doing this approach have to suture the deep fascia

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15
Q

Flank Incision

A

Dorsal to the stifle

Is the preferred incision for ovariectomy and loop colostomy in horses

Both sides but prefer to do on right side because not too much in the way (colon)

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16
Q

Loop Colostomy

A

Takes part of the colon and attaches to the abdominal wall so the animal can defecate outside the abdominal wall

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17
Q

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

A

External Abdominal Oblique (EAO)
Internal Abdominal Oblique (IAO)
Transversus Abdominis (TA)
Rectus Abdominis (RA)

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18
Q

External Abdominal Oblique

A

Origin:Lateral surface of the ribs and thoraco-lumbar fascia

Insertion:Tuber Coxae, Pelvic Tendon, Prepubic Tendon and Linea Alba

Direction of fibers is caudal ventral

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19
Q

Musculotendinous Junction

A

Area between the muscle and tendon of the EAO

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20
Q

Clinical Significance of Musculotendinous Junction

A

In older, emaciated horses suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the horses start to use the abdominal muscles to breathe

The line becomes hypertrophied because of the overuse

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21
Q

Heave Line

A

Hypertrophy of the musculotendinous junction due to overuse of the abdominal muscles to breathe

occurs in horses who are older, emaciated, suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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22
Q

Internal Abdominal Oblique

A

Origin: Tuber Coxae and Pelvic Tendon

Insertion: Last Rib, Costal Cartilages, Linea Alba, Prepubic Tendon

Fibers move cranial ventral

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23
Q

EAO and IAO

A

The aponeurosis of the IAO and that of the EAO form the external lamina of the Rectus abdominis

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24
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

The abdominal obliques when come together creates an inguinal area

This area can become a potential trap for intestines (especially small intestines) which will create colic

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25
Deep Inguinal Ring
This is inside the abdominal cavity Towards the inside Structures inside 1. Cremaster muscle 2. Testicular Artery 3. Testicular vein 4. Ductus Deferens
26
Inguinal Hernia
Due to the difference in direction of muscle fibers between the EAO and IAO, when the space of the ring increases during flexion of these two muscles ( i.e mating) it becomes a potential area for intestinal entrapment and fatal colic or inguinal hernia
27
Superficial inguinal ring
Towards the testicle
28
Inguinal/ Scrotal Hernia
Palpate to tell if its scrotal or intestinal
29
Transverse Abdominis
Origin: Last Ribs and Lumbar Vertebrae Insert: Linea Alba of rectus abdominis
30
Rectus Abdominis
Origin: 4th-9th Costal Cartilages and Sternum Insert: Prepubic Tendon and Accessory Ligament
31
Linea Alba
Area where all the abdominal muscles meet Aponeurosis Prime area for suturing
32
Abdominal organs on the left side
The left kidney is more caudal than the right kidney making it easier to palpate the left kidney rectally in the horse Spleen
33
Abdominal Organs on the right side
Cecum Right Ventral and Dorsal Colons Liver Duodenum turns at the base of the cecum where the root of the mesentery is. Cannot rectally palpate it
34
Clinical significance of the spleen
On the left side Nephrosplenic ligament attaches the spleen to the left kidney causing a space
35
The Gastrointestinal Tract in order
Esophagus: starts at the dorsal aspect of the trachea then deviates to the left side , no holding layer Stomach: on the ventral midline slightly to the left ( cannot be palpated rectally) Duodenum: located on the right side and goes all the way at the base of the cecum adjacent to the root of mesentery and goes to the jejunum (cannot be palpated rectally unless case of anterior enteritis) Jejunum: Major part of the small intestines its long coiled smooth on the left hand side ( between the left and right colons) small diameter Ileum: very short and is contracted Cecum: sits on the right hand side of the abdominal cavity. Common shape. The base of the cecum is palpable at the root of the mesentery Colon:right ventral colon and becomes left ventral colon and passes to the pelvic flexure ( potential area for impaction colic) then move to left dorsal colon and turn to become right dorsal colon then becomes transverse colon then small colon Rectum: end of the GI tract
36
Sites of entrapment (Large intestinal)
Pelvic flexure: The left dorsal and ventral colon connected by the pelvic flexure are freely moving can cause entrapment Nephrosplenic ligament The spleen is attached the kidney at the nephrosplenic ligament site of entrapment
37
Parasites that would be adjacent to margo plicatus
Gasterophilus intestinalis
38
Margo Plicatus
Is important for examining parasites or ulcers - If nothing is adjacent to the line the horse is clear - Cannot say the horse is clear if you do not see the line
39
How do you advance a tube for endoscopy
Esophagus attached/ Junction to the stomach is at an acute angle at 11th intercostal space on the left side Important for endoscopy because the tube must be twisted Block the false nostril so that you can advance the tube into the stomach
40
The 3 muscular layers of the stomach
1. Circular 2. Longitudinal 3. Oblique
41
Pacemaker
An aggregation of enteric neurons that forms a plexus by themselves called Pacemaker Able to generate electrical activity on its own Are in the Stomach
42
Parts of the Small intestine
Duodenum - Major and Minor Papilla Jejunum - Coils and Wide Mesentery Ileum - Short and Contracted
43
Anterior Enteritis
When you can palpate the duodenum Put the probe on the right hand side of the abdominal cavity
44
Ventral Edema
45
Jejunum clinical sig
In volvulus the blockage of blood causes darkening of tissues and the area must be cut and put the good ends together
46
Sacculation and Teniae of Large intestine
Cecum (4 Bands) Right Ventral Colon (4 Bands) Left Ventral Colon (4 Bands) Left Dorsal Colon (No Sacculation / 1 Band) Right Dorsal Colon (3 Bands) Transverse Colon (No Sacculation / 2 Bands) Small Colon (2 Bands)
47
Colon displacement
The left ventral and left dorsal colons are long and relatively free in the abdominal cavity as a result the left ventral colon twists around causing torsion/ displacement
48
Acute reduction in Diameter
Pelvic Flexure Cecal Colic RIght dorsal with Transverse colon . . . .
49
Wide Mesentery
Intestinal Volvulus ( like in the jejunum)
50
Natural Openings these can lead to entrapment
1. Inguinal Canal - Jejunum 2. Nephrosplenic Lig. - Left Dorsal Colon - Pelvic Flexure 3. Epiploic Foramen - Jejunum
51
The Epiploic Foramen: Borders
Dorsally Caudate Process of the Liver Vena Cava Ventrally Right Lobe of the Pancreas Portal Vein Cranially Hepatoduodenal Ligament These borders are important for rectal palpations
52
Colic Predisposing non anatomical factors
Lipoma Enteroliths Parasites Sand
53
Verminous Arteritis
54
Diagnosis of Colic
Complete Case History / Signs Complete Physical Examination Complete Colic Workout - Abdominal Auscultation - Gastric Reflux - Abdominocentesis - Rectal Palpation - Radiology and Ultrasound
55
Capillary Refill Time
Put pressure on the gums and then see how fast the blood goes back
56
Abdominal Auscultation Left side of the horse
Left ventral and dorsal colon Spleen
57
Abdominal Auscultation Right side of the horse
Cecum Right dorsal and ventral colon Will be hearing peristaltic movement ( gurgling)
58
Gastric Reflux
Block the false nostril Measure intercostal space See on left side of the neck Twist and pass
59
Abdominocentesis
Collect peritoneal fluid 10 cm caudal to the xiphoid ventral midline
60
Rectal Palpation - Left side
Left kidney Spleen Nephrosplenic area / ligament Pelvic flexure Left ventral and dorsal colon small colon
61
Rectal Palpation- Right side
Base of the cecum Root of the mesentery Cranial mesenteric artery (pounding pulse) Cecocolic Arteries Duodenum if Distended
62
Classification of Equine Rectal Tears
63
Ventral Midline Celiotomy
Cutting the linea alba
64
Pelvic Flexure Incision
Incise beside the pelvic flexure Pelvic Flexure Has a pacemaker Operating on the pelvic flexure during colic surgery may cause ileus Post surgical ileus= organ no longer contracts
65
Suturing the Linea Alba
Muscles are not holding layer Suture the linea alba by taking the two lips of the linea alba
66
Complications of the Colic Surgery
Suture Failure Hernia Technical Failure Adhesions Infection
67
Sternal Flexure
The right ventral colon resides on the right side of the horse and rubs cranially and ventrally. When it reaches the sternum it becomes the sternal flexure.
68
Diaphragmatic flexure
69
Parasites that block the mesenteric artery
Strongylus equinus Strongylus vulgaris strongylus edentatus
70
Esophagus
Does not have a serosa but instead contains adventitia which makes it hard to suture
71
Stomach
Consists of two regions 1. glandular 2. non-glandular Contains a pacemaker nerve plexus that enables the stomach to generate contractions spontaenously
72
What is the importance of sacculations and bands of the large intestines
1. Increases the surface area of the intestines to increase fermentation and absorption 2. Evoke two motility patterns which help breaking and absorbing of the ingesta - propulsive - mixing

Anatomy 2 (16 decks)

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