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Pathology II > EXAM 1 Mood Disorders > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Mood disorders are characterized by?

A

Disturbance in regulation of mood, behavior, affect

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2
Q

What are the two types of mood disorders?

A

Only depressive symptoms (unipolar)

Depressive and Manic symptoms (bipolar)

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3
Q

What is depression characterized by?

A
  • Sadness
  • Feelings of worthlessness and guilt
  • Withdrawal from others
  • Changes in sleep and appetite
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4
Q

What is mania characterized by?

A
  • Intense elation or irritability

- Hyperactivity, talkativeness, distractibility

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5
Q

What are the causes of mood disorders?

A
  • Medications,
  • heart diseases,
  • cancers (pancreas or oropharynx),
  • cerebrovascular diseases (PD, dementia, etc),
  • thyroid disorder (hypo)
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6
Q

What areas of the brain are being affected by mood disorders?

A

1) limbic system: affect motion
2) basal ganglia: movements
3) prefrontal cortex: thought process

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7
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

A

1) Genetics (DRD4.2 gene - influences dopamine function, MDD)
2) Neurotransmitters (decrease Noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin)

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8
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind Mania?

A

1) Genetics

2) Neurotransmitters (increase noradrenaline and dopamine, decrease serotonin)

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9
Q

MDD Definition

A
  • Depressed mood on a daily basis for a minimum duration of 2 weeks.
  • Profound loss of pleasure in all enjoyable activities (anhedonia).
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10
Q

MDD Symptoms

HINT: Think of things/thoughts that happen when you first get out of bed

A
  • Changes in sleep patterns
  • Changes in appetite, and weight
  • Sadness, indifference, apathy, or
  • Irritability, motor agitation or retardation, fatigue
  • Impaired concentration and decision making
  • Feelings of shame or guilt; and
  • Thoughts of death or dying
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11
Q

How many symptoms of MDD do you need for a dx?

A

Need to have at least 4 or put into different sub-classifications of MDD

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12
Q

What are the 3 sub-classifications of MDD?

A

1) Episodic = Symptoms tend to dissipate over time (getting over a break-up)
2) Recurrent = Once depression occurs, future episodes likely
3) Subclinical depression = Sadness plus 3 other symptoms for 10 days, Significant impairments in functioning even though full diagnostic criteria are not met

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13
Q

Dysthymic Disorder (Dysthymia)

A

Chronic depression - Depressed mood for at least 2 years (w/out major depression)

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14
Q

What are the symptoms for Dysthymia?

A

2 of the following:

  • Poor appetite or overeating
  • Sleeping too much or too little
  • Psychomotor agitation or retardation
  • Loss of energy
  • Feelings of worthlessness
  • Difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
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15
Q

Double Depression

A

Dysthymia PLUS major depressive episode

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16
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Alternating episodes of depression and mania

17
Q

Hypomania

A
  • Less intense mania
  • > 4 days of elevated mood
  • Doesn’t interfere with functioning
  • Not DSM disorder by itself
18
Q

Bipolar I

A
  • More severe

- At least one of the following: Depressive episode or Mania episode or Mixed episode

19
Q

Bipolar II

A
  • Milder

- At least one major depressive episode WITH at least one episode of hypomania

20
Q

Cyclothymic disorder (Cyclothymia)

A 
-Numerous periods of hypomanic + depressive
symptoms
-Milder, chronic
-Duration: 2 years
*Similar to Dysthymia, but add in mania*
21
Q

Subtypes of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

A

1) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): mood disorders that follow a seasonal pattern of recurrence. eg., persons with depressive episodes in the fall or winter and mania (BD I) or hypomania (BD II) in spring or summer.
2) Rapid cycling: At least 4 episodes within past year
3) Postpartum onset: Within 4 weeks of giving birth
4) Catatonic features: Extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movement
5) Psychotic features: Delusions or hallucinations
6) Melancholic: Inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia)

22
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • Restrict caloric intake so body weight deviates significantly from age, gender, health, and developmental norms.
  • Exhibit a fear of gaining weight and an associated disturbance in body image.
  • self-inflicted starving*
23
Q

Pica

A

-Individual, over age 2, eats one or more
nonnutritive, nonfood substances >1 mth &
requires medical attention as a result.
-EX: clay, starch, soap, paper, or ash.
normally will go away, but if it continues it’s Pica

24
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

-Engage in recurrent and frequent (at least once a
week for 3 months) periods of binge eating.
-Binge eating itself is defined as excessive food
intake in a prescribed period of time, usually

25
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Characterized by perturbations of language, perception, thinking, social activity, affect, and volition.
NOT split personality!

26
Q

Schizophrenia symptoms

A

Positive:

  • conceptual disorganization,
  • delusions, or
  • hallucinations

Negative:

  • loss of function,
  • anhedonia,
  • decreased emotional expression,
  • impaired concentration,
  • diminished social engagement
27
Q

What is the difference between delusions and hallucinations?

A

Delusion: strong misbelief (the President is texting me, etc)
Hallucination: someone is talking to you (voices)

28
Q

Schizophreniform disorder

A

Patients who meet the symptom requirements but not the duration requirements for schizophrenia.
Same treatment, different disorder on form

29
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

Manifest symptoms of schizophrenia and independent periods of mood disturbance

30
Q

Schizotypal

A
  • Eccentric behavior and deviations of thinking and affectivity
  • WITHOUT psychotic features and expressed symptoms of schizophrenia of any type.
  • Want to be in relationships (social, etc) but can’t do it
31
Q

Schizoid

A
  • Lack of interest in social relationships
  • tendency towards solitary lifestyle
  • secretiveness
  • emotional coldness
  • apathy

Pathology II (10 decks)

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