exam 1: mod. 1-3 Flashcards
for the first exam! make sure i can discuss the ones marked for discussion
-violating societal norms
- maladaptive
-rare given cultural or environmental context
-causes distress in daily life
**discuss
Abnormal Behavior
The societal judgment of a person or group of people because they do not fit the community’s “norms.”
**discuss
Stigma
The internalization and eventual belief that negative views about oneself from outside sources are true.
Self-Stigma
Referring to people as “individuals with mental illness” rather than “mentally ill individuals.” Focus on emphasizing the subject’s humanity.
Person-Centered Speech
Doctrine or belief that an evil being or spirit can dwell within a person and control his mind or body.
Demonology
The ritual of casting out evil spirits (from a person).
Exorcism
The earliest proponent of the biological paradigm. Believed illness had a natural cause and that bodily fluids (bile, blood, and phlegm) were the cause of mental or emotional disturbances.
Hippocrates
Establishment for the confinement and care of the mentally ill. Treatment was often non-existent or harmful.
Asylum
One of the first mental institutions. The wealthy would pay to ‘peer’ at the ‘insane’ for entertainment. Origin of the word bedlam.’
St. Mary of Bethlehem’s Hospital
Pioneer of humanitarian treatment. Fundamental in the development of a higher standard of care among psychological patients.
Philippe Pinel
Treatment conducted in a calming environment that involved patients engaging in relaxing, purposeful activities.
Moral Treatment
Crusader for prisoners and the mentally ill. Worked to reform and improve existing institutions while opening 32 public hospitals.
Dorothea Dix
Practice of forceful sterilization with the goal of removing ‘undesirable’ characteristics from the population
Eugenics
Personality tests not influenced by the examiner’s beliefs. Ex: self-reporting.
Objective Personality Tests
Personality tests influenced by the examiner’s beliefs. Ex: Rorschach Test
Projective Personality Tests
Tendency to endorse vague generalizations. Ex: believing in horoscopes.
Forer Effect
A significant limitation in an individual’s cognitive functioning and daily adaptive behaviors.
Ex: limited language, impaired speech, difficulty performing academically
Intellectual Disability
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Standard classification manual in the United States.
DSM
Avoiding the occurrence of a disorder or disease altogether. Ex: population-based health promotions.
Primary Prevention
Diagnosing and treating a disorder in its early stages; before significant distress is caused. Ex: rape crisis counseling
Secondary Prevention
Reducing the negative impact of existing disorders or diseases by reducing complications and restoring lost function. Ex: AA
Tertiary Prevention
The extent to which variability in a particular behavior in a population can be accounted for by genetic factors.
Heritability
The study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function
Epigenetics
Integrative model that incorporates multiple casual factors in order to identify underlying predisposition and environmental events.
Diathesis-Stress Paradigm
The study of the distribution of disorders in a population
Epidemiology
The proportion of the population that has the disorder at a given point in time.
Prevalence
Proportion of the sample that has ever experienced the disorder, up to the time of the interview
Lifetime Prevalence
of new cases of the disorder within a given time period, typically a year.
Incidence
Conditions or variables that increase the likelihood of developing the disorder.
Risk Factors
The study of the effects psychotropic substances have on mood, sensation, thinking, and behavior.
Psychopharmacology
The medical application of psychotropic substances.
Psychopharmacotherapy
Medications used to treat schizophrenia, mania, or delusion disorders. Ex: chlorpromazine, and haloperidol
Antipsychotics
Medications used to treat major and bipolar depression, panic attacks, phobias, and OCD. Ex: Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil
Antidepressants
Medications used to treat bipolar disorder. Ex: Lithium
Anti-Cycling Agents
Medications used to calm and alleviate anxiety. Includes antianxiety agents, hypnotics, etc.
Hypoanxiolytics
Method used to treat major depression, mania, schizophrenia, and catatonia when medications and therapies have been exhausted.
ECT
Treatment in which brain tissue is destroyed with the aim of alleviating the symptoms of a psychological disorder.
Psychosurgery
Surgical procedure that severs the supracallosal fibers of the cingulum bundle. Used to treat OCD and depression
Cingulotomy
Surgical procedure to sever the fibers connecting the orbitofrontal cortex to the hypothalamus. Used for depression and OCD
Subcaudate Tractotomy
Surgical procedure in which the corpus callosum is severed.
Corpus Callostomy
Procedure in which a pacemaker-like device in implanted into the brain in order to send electrical impulses.
DBS (Deep-Brain Stimulation)
Therapy that is focused on unconscious conflicts and how they present themselves. Especially interested in early childhood experiences. Typically uses free association.
PPL: Freud, Klein, Adler, Jung, Erikson
Psychodynamic Therapy
Therapy and treatment based on the idea that abnormal behavior is learned and can be unlearned. Applies operant and classical conditioning, as well as observational learning.
PPL: Pavlov, B.F. Skinner
Behavioral Therapy
Therapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes through goal-oriented procedures.
PPL: Watson, Hull, Pavlov
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Therapeutic approach that holds the idea that people are inherently good. It encourages the view of ourselves as a “whole person” greater than the sum of our parts.
PPL: Maslow, Rogers
Humanistic Therapy
Therapeutic approach in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together at the same time.
PPL: Pratt, Burrow, and Schilder
Group Therapy
Mood disorder characterized by a pervasive and persistent low mood that is accompanied by low self-esteem and by a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.
Major Depressive Disorder
Disorder in which an individual is chronically sad and melancholy but does not meet the criteria for MDD.
Pervasive Depressive Disorder (PDD)
Disorder that presents as a severe from of PMS, following a predictable, cyclical pattern.
Premenstrual Dysphoria Disorder (PMDD)
Distinct period of an elevated or irritable mood that can take the form of euphoria
Manic Episode
Disorder characterized by the occurrence of one or more manic or mixed episode that lasts at least a week.
Bipolar I
Disorder characterized by the occurrence of one or more hypomanic episodes and one or more major depressive episodes.
Bipolar II
Disorder characterized by the occurrence of hypomanic episodes with periods of milder depression (dysthymia) for 2 years.
Cyclothymic Disorder
