Exam 1: MNT for thyroid and related disorders

Question 1

What does the thyroid regulate?

Answer 1

• Fat and CHO metabolism
• Body temp
• Heart rate

Question 2

Most common endocrine disease

Answer 2

Diabetes

Question 3

The thyroid gland

Answer 3

• small, butterfly shaped gland found just below the adam’s apple
• responds to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary
• Produces 2 main hormones (t4 and t3)

Question 4

Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)

Answer 4

• Produced by the hypothalamus

- Stimulates pituitary to produce TSH

Question 5

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 5

• Produced by the pituitary

- Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormone

Question 6

What happens when low levels of thyroid hormone are sensed by the hypothalamus?

Answer 6

Releases TRH to stimulate pituitary –> pituitary makes more TSH to stimulate the thyroid –> thyroid produces T3 and T4

Question 7

Hypothyroidism symptoms

Answer 7

• Low energy
• Cold hands/feet
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Muscle pain
• Cognitive deficits
• Depression
• Constipation

Question 8

Schmidt’s Syndrome

Answer 8

Hypothyroidism associated w/ other endocrine disorders (such as diabetes or Addison’s disease)

Question 9

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Answer 9

• Causes most cases of hypothyroidism
• immune system attacks thyroid –> becomes enlarged and nonfunctional (chronic inflammation, no production of T3/T4)
• Diagnosed by TPO Ab test

Question 10

Thyroid Peroxidase

Answer 10

-Enzyme responsible for production of thyroid hormones

Question 11

Thyroid globulin antibodies

Answer 11

immune cells that indicate the immune system is attacking thyroid gland

Question 12

Low thyroid function is often secondary to ____________.

Answer 12

Adrenal fatigue

Question 13

Chronic Adrenal Stress

Answer 13

• affects communication btwn brain and glands that secrete hormones
• increases thyroid binding protein activity
• decreased conversion of t4 –> t3 (due to lack of communication)
• Interferes w/ detoxification pathways (unnecessary thyroid hormones leave body)
• cells lose sensitivity to thyroid hormones
• weakens immune barriers of digestive tract, lungs and brain

Question 14

Adrenal fatigue is caused by

Answer 14

decreased ability of the adrenal glands to respond to stress

Question 15

Iodine’s role in Thyroid health

Answer 15

• plays major role in synthesis of thyroid hormone

- most common cause of hypothyroidism = deficiency –> goiter –> enlarged thyroid

Question 16

Which 2 nutrients improve the conversion of T4 –> T3?

Answer 16

Iodine and selenium

Question 17

Which is the more active form of thyroid hormone?

Answer 17

T3

Question 18

Iron’s role in Thyroid health

Answer 18

• Deficiency may cause decreased thyroid function

- TPO needs heme to help create thyroid hormones

Question 19

Carbs and calories in Thyroid health

Answer 19

-Restriction may reduce thyroid activity and decrease metabolism

Question 20

Goitrogens

Answer 20

compounds that interfere w/ thyroid hormone synthesis due to inhibiting TPO

Question 21

Goitrogens are only a problem when deficient in which nutrient?

Answer 21

Iodine

Question 22

Where are goitrogens found?

Answer 22

Cruciferous veggies, cauliflower, mustard seed, cassava

Question 23

Isoflavones

Answer 23

• From soybeans

- Can also inhibit TPO

Question 24

Most common cause of hyperthyroidism

Answer 24

Grave’s disease (autoimmune disorder)

Question 25

Symptoms of Grave's disease

Answer 25

Puffy and bulging eyes, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, goiter | Too much T3 and T4 --> metabolic imbalance

Question 26

Medical management of Grave's diease

Answer 26

- antithyroid meds to inhibit thyroid from producing hormones - Radioactive iodine to kill thyroid cells - Surgery to remove thyroid

Question 27

Why is it good to eliminate gluten when diagnosed with hyperthyroidism?

Answer 27

Limits an antigen that produces antibodies that cross react with the thyroid gland

Question 28

Why is processed soy an issue with thyroid health?

Answer 28

When iodine is limited, soy can have goitrogenic properties

Question 29

Why is it important to limit consumption of simple carbs when diagnosed with hyperthyroidism?

Answer 29

-Simple carbs may reduce thyroid hormone activity and lead to insulin resistance

Question 30

PCOS

Answer 30

- associated w/ enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts - reproductive issues, menstrual irregularities - increased risk of developing T2DM and metabolic syndrome

Question 31

PCOS symptoms

Answer 31

- acne, escessive or abnormal hair distribution, obesity, sleep apnea - increase in testosterone --> increased insulin --> promotes abdominal weight gain, difficulty losing weight, food cravings, hypoglycemic events

Question 32

MNT for PCOS

Answer 32

- Weight management (1-2 lb/week) - restrict refined CHOs - increase fiber intake - assess benefit of high vs low CHO diet - consider vitamin D and chromium, iodine and selenium supps

Question 33

Cushing's Syndrome

Answer 33

- Too much cortisol - exogenous form due to steroids or similar medications - Symptoms: weight gain, depression, bruising, muscle loss - Treatment = weight management

Question 34

Addison's Disease

Answer 34

- Primary adrenal insufficiency - Symptoms: fatigue, low BP, anorexia, nausea, darkening of the face and skin - Excess perspiration requires salt repletion