Exam 1 - Medical terms and Dentition Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal

A

Running along the back

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2
Q

Ventral

A

Running along the belly

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3
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head (cranium)

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4
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

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5
Q

Proximal

A

Towards the shoulder and hip (moving up from the feet)

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6
Q

Distal

A

Towards the hoof (Moving down from the shoulder/hip)

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7
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the nose (from the ears)

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8
Q

Plantar

A

Below the hock (plant)

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9
Q

Palmar

A

Below the knee (palm, front leg)

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10
Q

Axial

A

Towards the axis (inside of leg)

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11
Q

Abaxial

A

Away from axis (outside of leg)

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12
Q

Oma

A

Refers to tumors (rapidly, uncontrollable progression and division of cells)
- Melanoma, Chondroma, Lipoma, Hepatoma

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13
Q

Itis

A

Inflammation (localized tissue response to injury characterized as heat, pain, sweling and redness with loss of function)
- Gastritis, Cystitis, Endometritis

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14
Q

Inflammation

A

Protective response whose ultimate goal is to remove the organism from initial cause and the consequences of such injury such as tissues and cells

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15
Q

Inflammation signs

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

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16
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Tissue damage response (non-specific) such as infections, trauma, physical or chemical injury, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, or a immune reaction (mosquito bites)

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17
Q

Stages of inflammation

A

Vascular
Cellular

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18
Q

Vascular Phase

A

Vasoactive changes with vasoconstriction (constriction of the artery) and dilation of arteries to increase blood flow to the affected area

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19
Q

Cellular phase

A

Inactive endothelium activated to allow emigration (passage of inflammatory leukocytes between endothelial cells into adjacent tissue)

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20
Q

Neutrophils (leukocytes)

A

Ingest foreign materal, promote inflammation, pyrogen

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21
Q

Pyrogen

A

Produces a fever when released into the blood

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22
Q

Macrophages

A

Antigen presentation, phagocytosis
Initiation, Maintenance, and resolution of inflammation (clean up area)

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23
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The ingestion of bacteria or material by phagocytes

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24
Q

basophils

A

Dilation of blood vessels (source of histamine)

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25
Q

Eosinophils

A

Involved in allergic reactions, also phagocyte parasites

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26
Q

Lymphocytes

A

No involved in bacteria but in viral and chronic inflammations

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27
Q

Exudates

A

Vessels leak into tissue and allow passage of water, salt and plasma proteins
Dilute locally produced toxin in tissue damage and circulates from local vessels to extra-cellular space of damaged tissue(reabsorbed by lympatics)

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28
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Persistence of injury factor (migration of plasmocytes and macrophages and lymphocytes) rich in fibroblasts and blood vessels as well as immune reactions

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29
Q

Laminitis

A

When the bone rotates and separates from the hoof wall and begins to pierce the sole of the foot (chronic due to not being able to reverse rotation, only stop it)

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30
Q

Causes of Chronic inflammation

A

May have pus, necrotic tissue and not removing the bacteria, virus or object from injury sites.

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31
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of cells in the body
- Causes: Toxin, mechanical burns, causes breakdown of tissues by enzymes and leukocytes
- Treatment: removal of all necrotic tissue and wrap/keep wound clean until healed

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32
Q

Edema

A

Inflammatory and noninflammatory swelling caused by passage of fluid from inflammation to tissue (i) or the accumulation of fluid between cells (Non-I)
- Causes: parasites, poor nutrition (non-inflammatory)

33
Q

Neoplasm

A

Cell division controlled to maintain homeostasis
- Begnin: Slow, well tolerated by the body, easy to remove (sunburn, melanoma)
- Malign: Quick, negative effects to the body (cancers)

34
Q

Shock

A

Acute and progressive failure of circulation
- Causes: severe trauma, massive hemorrhage, internal obstruction, infection, dehydration
- Signs: Apathy, shallow HR, Rapid HR/Breathing, cool skin, subnormal temperature, sweating, pale mucous

35
Q

Normal TPR

A

Temp: 99.5-101.5
HR: 30-40 bpm (resting)
Respiration: 6-16 bpm

36
Q

Objective Colic Measurements

A

Increased HR and respiration due to pain, temperature will be normal range

37
Q

Objective measurements

A

Measurements that you can measure (HR, temp, respiration)

38
Q

Subjective measurements

A

Measurements that you can observe
- Skin tent, mucous, CPR, etc.

39
Q

Pasture behavior (normal)

A

Eating, walking without lameness, staying with the herd, interacting, no sign of distress

40
Q

Stall behavior (abnormal)

A

Laying down/rolling excessively
Not drinking/eating
Sweating
Heavy breathing

41
Q

Normal Subjective Measurements

A

CRT: 2 seconds
Skin tent: 2 seconds
Gut sounds: water flowing, some gas sounds
Mucous: pink colored
Muscle tone: relaxed, can be pressed into (not firm)

42
Q

Colic Subjective measurements

A

Rigid abdomen, CRT skin tent may take longer due to dehydration
Depending on the severity, there could be excess (+3) or no gut sounds (impaction, +1) and pale mucuous

43
Q

Types of teeth

A

Incisors (front)
Canines (middle of mouth)
Cheek teeth (back of mouth)
- Premolars, molars

44
Q

Maxillary

A

Upper jaw

45
Q

Mandibular

A

Lower jaw

46
Q

Buccal

A

Towards cheek

47
Q

Labial

A

Towards lips and inciors

48
Q

Palatal

A

Towards the palate (top of mouth)

49
Q

Lingual

A

Towards the tongue and lower teeth (bottom of mouth) ]

50
Q

Occlusal

A

Chewing surface of teeth

51
Q

Complete dental exam requires….

A

Sedation
Full mouth speculum
Light source
Dental mirror
Explorer

52
Q

Incisors

A

3 total
- Loose all 3 and grow new ones

53
Q

Canines

A

2 sets of teeth in the middle of the mouth

54
Q

Molars

A

Premolars (3 permanent ones, 1st being wolf teeth)
Molars (2 permanent ones)

55
Q

Wolf teeth

A

Can be found in most geldings/stallions, but is uncommon in mares.
Used for fighting, most of the time is removed from mouth

56
Q

Dental disease signs

A

Excessive salivation
Open mouth chewing
Dropping feed
Head shaking or tossing
Behavior issue with bit use
Unilateral nasal discharge
Mouth odor
Facial jaw swelling

57
Q

Loosing teeth

A

Horses lose 24 deciduous teeth and erupt 36 or more permanent teeth between the ages of 2 to 5

58
Q

6 days

A

first incisors

59
Q

6 weeks

A

Second incisors

60
Q

6 months

A

third incisors, and wolf teeth (1st premolars)

61
Q

2 years

A

2nd molar

62
Q

2.5 years

A

Adult 1st incisor, 2nd molar

63
Q

3.5 years

A

Adult 2nd incisor, 3rd molar

64
Q

4-5 years

A

Canine teeth

65
Q

4.5 years

A

3rd adult incisor

66
Q

Determining age (after 5 years)

A

Shape of incior
Presence of infundibular “cups”
Dental star
Presence and extent of “galvans” groove
Angulation of incisors

67
Q

Retained caps

A

Decicuous teeth that have not been lost and sit on top of the permanent teeth
- Removal of caps with forecepts and is easy unless impacted by another tooth

68
Q

EORTH: tooth resorption

A

Increased incisive angle commonly seen with gingivitis and gingival recession as well as periodontal disease (gingival fistulas)
- Signs: Infection and pain, weight loss, painful eating, head shy, unusual eating pattern, speculum placement hard
- Treatment: if caught early, there can be easy treatment such as home hygiene therapy. Aggressive treatments involved removing all incisors through staged or complete extraction

69
Q

Dental abcesses

A

Infection of the tooth root
- Abscessed tooth can lead to sinus infection and nasal discharge

70
Q

Tooth Ramp

A

Overgrown tooth at the back of the mouth that restricts the horses ability to chew side to side, resulting in an abnormal open mouth chewing motion
- Hook that is >2/3 the width of the tooth and involves >1 pulp horn

71
Q

Step

A

Overlong tooth in the middle of the arcade (caused by missing teeth, over worn teeth or diastema)

72
Q

Wave

A

Uneven wear in the arcade that leads to uneven height occlusal surface in a wave formation

73
Q

Shear

A

> 20 degrees occlusal angle, restrict mandibular movement (TMj, painful toooth, EORTH)

74
Q

Hooks

A

Most commonly caused by offset teeth, arcades or missing tooth and collapse of arcades, ramps

75
Q

Periodontal disease

A

16% of horses have over 16 periodonatal disease
- Causes: food trapped beneath teeth (diastema), ulcerations caused by malocclusions, metabolic changes in horse

76
Q

Floating

A

Grinding of the sharp enamel points of the….
- Buccal surface of maxillary cheek teeth
- Lingual surface of mandibular cheek teeth
- Mesial surface of first cheek teeth
- Sharp edge of canine teeth in geldings and stallions

77
Q

Maxillary vs Madibulary

A

Maxillary are wider then the mandibular teeth

78
Q

Roots of Maxillary

A

Extend upward into the nasal cavity and into the maxillary sinuses.
- Abcessed roots

79
Q

Teeth growth

A

Erupt at approximately 1/8 inches per year for over 20 years