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Equine Disease (ANEQ 346) > Exam 1 - Disease Mechanisms and Digestive Tract/Problems > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Disease Mechanisms and Digestive Tract/Problems Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive tract

A

Mouth
-Teeth
- Tongue
- Soft Palate
Esophagus
Stomach

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2
Q

Choke (esophageal obstruction) Signs

A

Salive/Feed from mouth and nose
Cough
Dysphagia
Arched/Extended neck
Repeated attempts to swallow
Distress/pain/depression

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3
Q

Choke locations

A

Close to larynx or thoracic inlet
May be able to palpate
Dry, poorly chewed food/bedding

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4
Q

Choke treatment

A

Muscle relaxion (oxytocin)
Flushing esophagus
Lavage
Intravenous fluids
Anesthesia/surgery

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5
Q

Choke causes

A

No saliva
Poor dentition

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6
Q

Choke complications

A

Aspiration pneumonia
Esophageal inflammation, necrosis, and stricture formation
Esophageal diverticulum

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7
Q

Stomach anatomy

A

Cardiac sphincter (esophagus enters stomach)
Anterior (non-glandular) - microbial digestion of sugar, starch, VFA, proteins
- secretion of lactic acid, CO2, H20 and ammoniac
Glandular region - Main function is secretions
- Pepsin, HCl ( aids in digestion)
- Bicarbonate, mucous (protection of stomach lining from acids)

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8
Q

Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD)

A

Occurs in non-glandular region of the stomach when there is aggressive factors (bile, pepsin(digestive proteins) acid, organic acids) overpower and come in contact with the squamous.

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9
Q

Racing and ESGD

A

Increased intra-abdominal pressure during intense exercise causes gastric compression which then forces the acid contents into the squamous (non-glandular) region

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10
Q

Feeding and ESGD

A

There is a low prevalence of gastric ulcers in horses on pasture, due to the evolution designing the horse to be continuous grazers.
Why?:
- Decreased when roughage is available, increased serum gastrin concentrates (grain, sweet feed) due to increased secretion of acids.
- Food deprivation or stall confinement = gastric ulcers

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11
Q

ESGD risks

A

There is reduced blood flow to the stomach (slower healing)
Increased gastric acidity (stress, travel, medications)
Altered eating behavior (continuous production of HCl requires continuous grazing
Stress

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12
Q

Stress and ESGD

A

Physical stress = illness, musculoskeletal diseases
Behavioral stress = Stall confinement, transport, unfamiliar environment, social grouping

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13
Q

Risks for EGGD

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Phentylbutazone and Flunixin Meglumine and other NSAIDS

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14
Q

Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD)

A

Ulcers throughout the intestinal tract (cecum and colon) in glandular regions
Inhibits prostaglandins interrupting the mucosul blood flow and production

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15
Q

Clinical signs of EGUS

A

Reduced appetite
Weight loss/poor body condition
Low-grade or recurrent colic
Loose feces
Attitude change
* May have no clinical signs *

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16
Q

Diagnosis of EGUS

A

Lab: Anemia
Response to treatments
Gastric endoscopy

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17
Q

Gastric endoscopy

A

Putting an endoscope down esophagus into stomach to look for ulcer activity
- 9ft long, small diameter

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18
Q

Treatment of EGUS

A

Eliminate clinical signs
Promote healing
Prevent complications
Prevent recurrences
Medical Management
Management modifications

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19
Q

Medical management of EGUS

A

Neutralizing agents (antacids)
Anti-secretory agents
- Histamine H2 receptor antagonists (sucrasulfate)
- Prostaglandin analog (Misproto)
- Acid pump inhibitor (omeprazole)
Antibiotics and nutraceuticals
Antibiotics

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20
Q

Management Modifications for EGUS

A

Reduce training level
Diet modifications
- Limit periods of fasting
- Increase roughage (pasture turnout, free choice hay, alfalfa)
- Reduce grain
Limit stressful events

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21
Q

Gastric Tympany

A

A low pitched resonant, drum like note obtained by percussing the surface of a large air-contained space (abdomen, thorax)

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22
Q

Causes of Gastric Tympany

A

Overeating of readily fermentable feedstuffs such as fresh or dried grass, grain, beet pulps.
- build up of gas in the intestines due to disease causing abnormality in gut motility or obstruction to the passage of gut contents

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23
Q

Signs of Gastric Tympany

A

Colic
Abdomen distension
Large amounts of gut sounds

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24
Q

Diagnosis of Gastric tympany

A

Based on clinical and rectal exams

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25
Q

Treatment of Gastric tympany

A

Medication to relieve pain and promote bowel motility, trocharization, surgery to relieve gas.

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26
Q

Trocharization

A

Putting a small hole on the left side of the abdomen then inserting a large needle into the stomach to allow for an avenue for air to escape

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27
Q

Gastric rupture

A

Can occur when feeding high amount of highly fermentable feeds, administrating excesive quantities of fluids by nasogastric tube, gastric impaction or when gastric motility is reduced in acute grass sickness or gastric distention of fluid

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28
Q

Causes of gastric rupture

A

When there is a loss of tissue integrity due to severe gastric ulceration and perforation, localized infraction, or marked distension of the stomach wall.

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29
Q

EGUS Clinical signs (foals)

A

Anorexia
Pytalism
Bruxism
Dorsal recumbency
Colic
Diarrhea
Sudden death

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30
Q

Anorexia

A

Lack of interest in food, no appetite

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31
Q

Bruzism

A

Grinding or gnashing of teeth, clenching teeth

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32
Q

Ptyalism

A

Over production of saliva in the mouth

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33
Q

Dorsal recumbency

A

Laying on back with lower extremities flexed and rotated outwards

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34
Q

Impact of EGUs in foals

A

Gastric obstruction
Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus)
Chronic ulceration
Perforation ( rupture) and peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum)

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35
Q

Causes of EGUS in foals

A

Illness
Stress
Hypoxia
Delayed gastric emptying
Prolonged time between eating
Small meal size
Prolonged recumbency

36
Q

Small intestine

A

65 ft long, 7-10 cm in diameter
Mucosa
Motility
speed
Pancreas Enzymes
Bile
Relatively basic PH

37
Q

Parts of the SI

A

Duodenum (3ft)
Jejunum
Illeum

38
Q

Mucosa of SI

A

.s-1 mm villi, brush order

39
Q

Motility of SI

A

Mixing and propulsion (driving/pushing forward)

40
Q

Speed of SI

A

20 cm/min
- 20 m = 1.5 hours total

41
Q

Pancreas enzymes

A

Amylase: break down of carbodydrates
Trypsin: digestion of proteins
Lipase: Digestion of fats

42
Q

Bile in SI

A

secreted in a continuous pattern, minerals and bicarbonates

43
Q

Strangulating obstruction

A

Strangulation of the SI, often causing necrosis of the tissue
- Simultaneous occlusion lumen + blood vessels, leads to necrosis and endotoxemia

44
Q

Endotoxemia

A

Endotoxins are able to cross into the bloodstream through the gastro-intestinal barrier

45
Q

Causes of Strangulating obstruction

A

Lipoma
Entrapments within parts of the intestines

46
Q

Entrapments

A

Epiploic foramen (opening between portal vein, caudal vena cava, and caudate lobe of the liver), mesenteric or ligament defect
Inguinal Hernia

47
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A

tissue (part of the intestine) protrudes through a week spot in the abdominal muscles

48
Q

Types of strangulating obstruction

A

Volvus
Intussusception

49
Q

Volvus

A

A rotation of a segment of the jejunum or ileum about its mesentery

50
Q

Intussusception

A

Part of the intestine folds like a telescope, with one section slipping inside another section

51
Q

Clinical signs of Strangulating

A

Moderate to violent and persistent signs of colic
Later depressed
Toxemia
- Congested MM, increased CRT, HR (60-80)
Gastric reflux color and amounts
Abominocentesis indicated

52
Q

Abdominocentesis

A

Insertion of needle into abdomen to indicate if there is fluid in the abdominal cavity

53
Q

Simple obstruction

A

Obstruction in the small intestine causes motility of digest to be ceased
Ileal impaction
- associated with high fiber feeds
- Tapeworm infestation
- Impaction of bowel

54
Q

Simple obstruction signs

A

Early vs Late
Obstruction of any form that inhibits motility
Accumulation of food in smaller areas of bowel
Distension
- HR 40-70
- CRT
- Dehydration
- Nasogastric intubation (.3 / hr reflux)
- Abdominal fluid analysis
Pain

55
Q

Diagnosis of Simple obstruction

A

TPR, MM, CRT, Ausculation
Nasogastric tube
- Complete obstruction: net reflux in stomach
Rectal exam
Abdominal ultrasound
Abdominocentesis

56
Q

Treatment of Simple obstruction

A

Medical/conservative
- fluid therapy/electrolytes
- analgesics (NSAIDS)
- Mineral oils
- Laminitis prevention
Sugery

57
Q

Anterior Enteritis

A

Inflammation of the proximal intestine, reflux, build up in stomach
- Unknown cause, fluid and gas build up in the stomach)

58
Q

Anterior enteritis signs

A

Acute onset (moderate to severe colic)
Gastric reflux - reddish brown
HR: 80-100
Endotoxemia

59
Q

Anterior enteritis treatment

A

Continuous nasogastric decompression (3-7 days(
No food
Anti-biotics, NSAIDS, fluids
Laminitis prevention
Guarded prognosis

60
Q

Guarded prognosis

A

Does not have enough information to determine the outcome

61
Q

Large Intestine

A

Cecum
Large Colon
Small Colon

62
Q

Cecum

A

Blind ended fermentation bat (has sphincter at end connecting to the large colon)
Housing of bacteria for digestion

63
Q

Large colon

A

Right ventral colon, splenic flexure, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, right dorsal colon, diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon

64
Q

Small colon

A

Rectum (creation of fecal balls)
Anus (excretion of fecal balls)

65
Q

Tympany

A

Percussion sound in the abdomen (Colon)
- rapid gas formation
Lack of motility (secondary to obstructions in small/large colon)

66
Q

Causes of Tympany

A

Grass, high grain concentrations
Secondary to large colon impaction/torsion

67
Q

Treatment of tympany

A

Pain relief
Decompression
Prevention of rupture

68
Q

Causes of tympany

A

Excessive hindgut fermentation
- Excess in starch -> increase in lactic acid (decreases PH and increases gas production) -> Increased VFA uptake into mucosa, causing damage

69
Q

Impaction

A

Obstruction of the cecum, large or small colon
- Pelvic flexure into the right dorsal colon

70
Q

Risks of impaction

A

Dehydration
Coarse/high fiber feed (Struggle to digest)
Poor dentition/age
Cool weather
Amitraz (pesticide)

71
Q

Clinical signs of impaction

A

Colic
- mild to moderation (pain, intermediate)
- Dry, hard feces, mucous in feces
- Progressive anorexia
- Dehydration
Rectal exam

72
Q

Treatment of impaction

A

Fluids (nasogastric tube or IV)
Maybe…
- mineral oils
- Magnesium sulfate (short term constipation relief)
- Dioctyl sodium (laxative, stool softner)
Surgery

73
Q

Sand impactions signs

A

Eating of sand (unable to digest)
- Short or non-existent gas, insufficient roughage
- Similar to impaction
- Sand in feces, loose stool

74
Q

sand impaction treatment

A

Mineral oil
Magnesium sulfate
Metamucilose (treats constipation)
Surgery

75
Q

Enteroliths cause

A

Mineral concentrations in colon
- Magnesium, ammonium, phosphate salts
Common in Idaho, California, and Florida

76
Q

Enteroliths signs

A

Recurrent colic, may be severe if there is an obstruction

77
Q

Enteroliths location

A

Right/Left dorsal colon
Small Colon
Pelvic flexure

78
Q

Enterolith Treatment

A

Surgery

79
Q

Right dorsal displacement

A

RENOSPLENIC ENTRAPMENT
- Entrapment of the colon into the Reno splenic space
- Moving portions of the colon gets trapped into the reno splenic space
- Anatomic predisposition

80
Q

Left dorsal displacement signs

A

Similar to impactions (mild-moderate pain)
Gastric reflux
Pain also related to amount of tension being put onto ligament

81
Q

Right Dorsal colitis

A

Ulcerative inflammation
Can be caused by NSAID intoxications

82
Q

Right dorsal colitis signs

A

Depression
Anorexia
Lethargy
Diarrhea
Ventral edema

83
Q

Volvulus

A

Gas in the colon, causes a loop in the intestinal wall and twists around itself or mesentery)
Caused by recent parturition, sudden onset
TREATMENT: Surgery

84
Q

Non-strangulating infarctions

A

Thromboembolic colic (spasmodic)
- Bowel contracting in abnormal manner, creating painful spasms

85
Q

Spasmodic Colic causes

A

Worms in gut, deworming, excitement, stress, unusual physical activity, dietary changes, drinking large amount of cold water after exercise

86
Q

Small colon impaction

A

Foreign bodies
Enteroliths
Fecaliths
Lipoma
Volvulus

87
Q

Small colon impaction treatment

A

IV fluids
Bowel rest (nothing to eat)
Bowel decompression

Equine Disease (ANEQ 346) (3 decks)

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