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Equine Disease (ANEQ 346) > Exam 1 - Disease Mechanisms and Digestive Tract/Problems > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Disease Mechanisms and Digestive Tract/Problems Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive tract

A

Mouth
-Teeth
- Tongue
- Soft Palate
Esophagus
Stomach

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2
Q

Choke (esophageal obstruction) Signs

A

Salive/Feed from mouth and nose
Cough
Dysphagia
Arched/Extended neck
Repeated attempts to swallow
Distress/pain/depression

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3
Q

Choke locations

A

Close to larynx or thoracic inlet
May be able to palpate
Dry, poorly chewed food/bedding

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4
Q

Choke treatment

A

Muscle relaxion (oxytocin)
Flushing esophagus
Lavage
Intravenous fluids
Anesthesia/surgery

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5
Q

Choke causes

A

No saliva
Poor dentition

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6
Q

Choke complications

A

Aspiration pneumonia
Esophageal inflammation, necrosis, and stricture formation
Esophageal diverticulum

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7
Q

Stomach anatomy

A

Cardiac sphincter (esophagus enters stomach)
Anterior (non-glandular) - microbial digestion of sugar, starch, VFA, proteins
- secretion of lactic acid, CO2, H20 and ammoniac
Glandular region - Main function is secretions
- Pepsin, HCl ( aids in digestion)
- Bicarbonate, mucous (protection of stomach lining from acids)

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8
Q

Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD)

A

Occurs in non-glandular region of the stomach when there is aggressive factors (bile, pepsin(digestive proteins) acid, organic acids) overpower and come in contact with the squamous.

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9
Q

Racing and ESGD

A

Increased intra-abdominal pressure during intense exercise causes gastric compression which then forces the acid contents into the squamous (non-glandular) region

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10
Q

Feeding and ESGD

A

There is a low prevalence of gastric ulcers in horses on pasture, due to the evolution designing the horse to be continuous grazers.
Why?:
- Decreased when roughage is available, increased serum gastrin concentrates (grain, sweet feed) due to increased secretion of acids.
- Food deprivation or stall confinement = gastric ulcers

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11
Q

ESGD risks

A

There is reduced blood flow to the stomach (slower healing)
Increased gastric acidity (stress, travel, medications)
Altered eating behavior (continuous production of HCl requires continuous grazing
Stress

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12
Q

Stress and ESGD

A

Physical stress = illness, musculoskeletal diseases
Behavioral stress = Stall confinement, transport, unfamiliar environment, social grouping

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13
Q

Risks for EGGD

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Phentylbutazone and Flunixin Meglumine and other NSAIDS

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14
Q

Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD)

A

Ulcers throughout the intestinal tract (cecum and colon) in glandular regions
Inhibits prostaglandins interrupting the mucosul blood flow and production

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15
Q

Clinical signs of EGUS

A

Reduced appetite
Weight loss/poor body condition
Low-grade or recurrent colic
Loose feces
Attitude change
* May have no clinical signs *

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16
Q

Diagnosis of EGUS

A

Lab: Anemia
Response to treatments
Gastric endoscopy

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17
Q

Gastric endoscopy

A

Putting an endoscope down esophagus into stomach to look for ulcer activity
- 9ft long, small diameter

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18
Q

Treatment of EGUS

A

Eliminate clinical signs
Promote healing
Prevent complications
Prevent recurrences
Medical Management
Management modifications

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19
Q

Medical management of EGUS

A

Neutralizing agents (antacids)
Anti-secretory agents
- Histamine H2 receptor antagonists (sucrasulfate)
- Prostaglandin analog (Misproto)
- Acid pump inhibitor (omeprazole)
Antibiotics and nutraceuticals
Antibiotics

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20
Q

Management Modifications for EGUS

A

Reduce training level
Diet modifications
- Limit periods of fasting
- Increase roughage (pasture turnout, free choice hay, alfalfa)
- Reduce grain
Limit stressful events

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21
Q

Gastric Tympany

A

A low pitched resonant, drum like note obtained by percussing the surface of a large air-contained space (abdomen, thorax)

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22
Q

Causes of Gastric Tympany

A

Overeating of readily fermentable feedstuffs such as fresh or dried grass, grain, beet pulps.
- build up of gas in the intestines due to disease causing abnormality in gut motility or obstruction to the passage of gut contents

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23
Q

Signs of Gastric Tympany

A

Colic
Abdomen distension
Large amounts of gut sounds

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24
Q

Diagnosis of Gastric tympany

A

Based on clinical and rectal exams

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25
Treatment of Gastric tympany
Medication to relieve pain and promote bowel motility, trocharization, surgery to relieve gas.
26
Trocharization
Putting a small hole on the left side of the abdomen then inserting a large needle into the stomach to allow for an avenue for air to escape
27
Gastric rupture
Can occur when feeding high amount of highly fermentable feeds, administrating excesive quantities of fluids by nasogastric tube, gastric impaction or when gastric motility is reduced in acute grass sickness or gastric distention of fluid
28
Causes of gastric rupture
When there is a loss of tissue integrity due to severe gastric ulceration and perforation, localized infraction, or marked distension of the stomach wall.
29
EGUS Clinical signs (foals)
Anorexia Pytalism Bruxism Dorsal recumbency Colic Diarrhea Sudden death
30
Anorexia
Lack of interest in food, no appetite
31
Bruzism
Grinding or gnashing of teeth, clenching teeth
32
Ptyalism
Over production of saliva in the mouth
33
Dorsal recumbency
Laying on back with lower extremities flexed and rotated outwards
34
Impact of EGUs in foals
Gastric obstruction Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) Chronic ulceration Perforation ( rupture) and peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum)
35
Causes of EGUS in foals
Illness Stress Hypoxia Delayed gastric emptying Prolonged time between eating Small meal size Prolonged recumbency
36
Small intestine
65 ft long, 7-10 cm in diameter Mucosa Motility speed Pancreas Enzymes Bile Relatively basic PH
37
Parts of the SI
Duodenum (3ft) Jejunum Illeum
38
Mucosa of SI
.s-1 mm villi, brush order
39
Motility of SI
Mixing and propulsion (driving/pushing forward)
40
Speed of SI
20 cm/min - 20 m = 1.5 hours total
41
Pancreas enzymes
Amylase: break down of carbodydrates Trypsin: digestion of proteins Lipase: Digestion of fats
42
Bile in SI
secreted in a continuous pattern, minerals and bicarbonates
43
Strangulating obstruction
Strangulation of the SI, often causing necrosis of the tissue - Simultaneous occlusion lumen + blood vessels, leads to necrosis and endotoxemia
44
Endotoxemia
Endotoxins are able to cross into the bloodstream through the gastro-intestinal barrier
45
Causes of Strangulating obstruction
Lipoma Entrapments within parts of the intestines
46
Entrapments
Epiploic foramen (opening between portal vein, caudal vena cava, and caudate lobe of the liver), mesenteric or ligament defect Inguinal Hernia
47
Inguinal Hernia
tissue (part of the intestine) protrudes through a week spot in the abdominal muscles
48
Types of strangulating obstruction
Volvus Intussusception
49
Volvus
A rotation of a segment of the jejunum or ileum about its mesentery
50
Intussusception
Part of the intestine folds like a telescope, with one section slipping inside another section
51
Clinical signs of Strangulating
Moderate to violent and persistent signs of colic Later depressed Toxemia - Congested MM, increased CRT, HR (60-80) Gastric reflux color and amounts Abominocentesis indicated
52
Abdominocentesis
Insertion of needle into abdomen to indicate if there is fluid in the abdominal cavity
53
Simple obstruction
Obstruction in the small intestine causes motility of digest to be ceased Ileal impaction - associated with high fiber feeds - Tapeworm infestation - Impaction of bowel
54
Simple obstruction signs
Early vs Late Obstruction of any form that inhibits motility Accumulation of food in smaller areas of bowel Distension - HR 40-70 - CRT - Dehydration - Nasogastric intubation (.3 / hr reflux) - Abdominal fluid analysis Pain
55
Diagnosis of Simple obstruction
TPR, MM, CRT, Ausculation Nasogastric tube - Complete obstruction: net reflux in stomach Rectal exam Abdominal ultrasound Abdominocentesis
56
Treatment of Simple obstruction
Medical/conservative - fluid therapy/electrolytes - analgesics (NSAIDS) - Mineral oils - Laminitis prevention Sugery
57
Anterior Enteritis
Inflammation of the proximal intestine, reflux, build up in stomach - Unknown cause, fluid and gas build up in the stomach)
58
Anterior enteritis signs
Acute onset (moderate to severe colic) Gastric reflux - reddish brown HR: 80-100 Endotoxemia
59
Anterior enteritis treatment
Continuous nasogastric decompression (3-7 days( No food Anti-biotics, NSAIDS, fluids Laminitis prevention Guarded prognosis
60
Guarded prognosis
Does not have enough information to determine the outcome
61
Large Intestine
Cecum Large Colon Small Colon
62
Cecum
Blind ended fermentation bat (has sphincter at end connecting to the large colon) Housing of bacteria for digestion
63
Large colon
Right ventral colon, splenic flexure, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, right dorsal colon, diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon
64
Small colon
Rectum (creation of fecal balls) Anus (excretion of fecal balls)
65
Tympany
Percussion sound in the abdomen (Colon) - rapid gas formation Lack of motility (secondary to obstructions in small/large colon)
66
Causes of Tympany
Grass, high grain concentrations Secondary to large colon impaction/torsion
67
Treatment of tympany
Pain relief Decompression Prevention of rupture
68
Causes of tympany
Excessive hindgut fermentation - Excess in starch -> increase in lactic acid (decreases PH and increases gas production) -> Increased VFA uptake into mucosa, causing damage
69
Impaction
Obstruction of the cecum, large or small colon - Pelvic flexure into the right dorsal colon
70
Risks of impaction
Dehydration Coarse/high fiber feed (Struggle to digest) Poor dentition/age Cool weather Amitraz (pesticide)
71
Clinical signs of impaction
Colic - mild to moderation (pain, intermediate) - Dry, hard feces, mucous in feces - Progressive anorexia - Dehydration Rectal exam
72
Treatment of impaction
Fluids (nasogastric tube or IV) Maybe... - mineral oils - Magnesium sulfate (short term constipation relief) - Dioctyl sodium (laxative, stool softner) Surgery
73
Sand impactions signs
Eating of sand (unable to digest) - Short or non-existent gas, insufficient roughage - Similar to impaction - Sand in feces, loose stool
74
sand impaction treatment
Mineral oil Magnesium sulfate Metamucilose (treats constipation) Surgery
75
Enteroliths cause
Mineral concentrations in colon - Magnesium, ammonium, phosphate salts Common in Idaho, California, and Florida
76
Enteroliths signs
Recurrent colic, may be severe if there is an obstruction
77
Enteroliths location
Right/Left dorsal colon Small Colon Pelvic flexure
78
Enterolith Treatment
Surgery
79
Right dorsal displacement
RENOSPLENIC ENTRAPMENT - Entrapment of the colon into the Reno splenic space - Moving portions of the colon gets trapped into the reno splenic space - Anatomic predisposition
80
Left dorsal displacement signs
Similar to impactions (mild-moderate pain) Gastric reflux Pain also related to amount of tension being put onto ligament
81
Right Dorsal colitis
Ulcerative inflammation Can be caused by NSAID intoxications
82
Right dorsal colitis signs
Depression Anorexia Lethargy Diarrhea Ventral edema
83
Volvulus
Gas in the colon, causes a loop in the intestinal wall and twists around itself or mesentery) Caused by recent parturition, sudden onset TREATMENT: Surgery
84
Non-strangulating infarctions
Thromboembolic colic (spasmodic) - Bowel contracting in abnormal manner, creating painful spasms
85
Spasmodic Colic causes
Worms in gut, deworming, excitement, stress, unusual physical activity, dietary changes, drinking large amount of cold water after exercise
86
Small colon impaction
Foreign bodies Enteroliths Fecaliths Lipoma Volvulus
87
Small colon impaction treatment
IV fluids Bowel rest (nothing to eat) Bowel decompression

Equine Disease (ANEQ 346) (3 decks)

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