exam #1 lectures 5-7 Flashcards
1
Q
the cortex is involved in
A
- memory
- learning
- judgment
- decision making
- conscious commands to muscles
- complex processing of sensory info
- higher order stuff
2
Q
the limbic system is involved in
A
regulation of emotions and motivations
3
Q
hindbrain and brainstem are involved in
A
breathing and HR
4
Q
afferents
A
carry sensory info from body to brain
5
Q
efferents
A
carry motor info from brain to body
6
Q
from top to bottom, what is general structure of brain
A
cortex, limbic system, hindbrain, brainstem, spine
7
Q
where are interneurons
A
CNS
8
Q
what is a mammalian specialty
A
limbic system - complex emotions
9
Q
what is a primate specialty
A
cortex - social intelligence
10
Q
coronal plane
A
from front to back
vertical so that eyes on one side, back of head on other –> through the ears!
11
Q
horizontal plane
A
from top to bottom
horizontal –> through the nose!
12
Q
sagittal plane
A
from left to right
3D plane
straight between the eyes
13
Q
BRAIN dorsal
A
top/above/superior
14
Q
BRAIN ventral
A
bottom/below/inferior
15
Q
BRAIN rostral
A
front/anterior
16
Q
BRAIN caudal
A
back/posterior
17
Q
SPINE dorsal
A
back/posterior
18
Q
SPINE ventral
A
front/anterior
19
Q
SPINE rostral
A
towards middle of brain
20
Q
SPINE caudal
A
towards tailbone
21
Q
sulcus vs gyrus
A
sulcus is a sulking groove, gyrus is a bump
22
Q
what do sulci and gyri do
A
increase surface area and cells so we can have higher capability for complex thought, cognition, social interaction, communication among neurons with complex messages
23
Q
dura mater
A
tough outside film of brain
24
Q
metaphorical layers of the brain dude
A
Paul MacLean
25
metaphorical layer 1
oldest; automatic and regulatory functions like temperature, stress response, automatic actions controlled by ANS
26
metaphorical layer 1 structures
midbrain, hindbrain, brainstem
27
metaphorical layer 2
more recently expanded in mammals; emotion
28
metaphorical layer 3
newest; cognition, memory, sensory processing, higher level thought
29
metaphorical layer 3 made primarily of
neocortex
30
how much do layers overlap
a lot, hard to draw lines between them
31
what structure is stuck between layers
hypothalamus stuck between 1 and 2
32
information flows in what direction in the layers
both directions, 1 to 3 and 3 to 1
33
simply put layer 1 is ____, layer 2 is ____, layer 3 is ____
automatic, emotion, thought
34
ANS
regulates involuntary function
35
ANS made up of ___ and ___
sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system
36
the ANS is (always/sometimes) activated
always
37
the brain beats on its own but the sym tells it to _____ and the para tells it to ____
speed up, slow down
38
under normal circumstances, the ____ stimulates the digestive tract; under emergency circumstances, the ____ stimulates it
para; sym
39
what does the sym do to digestion under emergency
shuts it down, stops blood flow to GI tract so energy is not wasted
40
which of para and sym is always activated
neither; one is always active but take over for each other if inhibited
41
sym is activated during _____ and para is activated during ____
fight or flight; rest and digest/calm
42
sym releases ____ and ____ while para releases _____
epinephrine and norepinephrine; acetylcholine
43
_____ has some voluntary control like urination and defecation
para
44
ANS directly influenced by the _____ in layer 1, _____ in layer 2, _____ in layer 3
hypothalamus, limbic system, cortex
45
ANS and cortex
cortex to limbic system/hypothalamus to ANS and reverse
46
ANS adaptations
plasticity - changes over time
47
why is it good for the ANS to adapt
need to adapt to environment to respond to it better
48
3 ways the ANS adapts
1. habituation (same stimulus does not continue having same effect on ANS, like with fire drills)
2. sensitization (stimulus that didn't have effect before now does, like with startle response from trauma)
3. biofeedback (conscious tool for controlling unconscious workings of ANS, like with thinking relaxing thoughts to reduce sym response and calm down)
49
limbic system is in layer __ and consists of ____ structures
2; hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, septum, cingulate cortex and gyrus, mammillary bodies, thalamic nuclei, frontal cortex
50
who coined term "limbic system" and what was it called before
Paul MacLean; rhinencephalon
51
limbic system deals with
complex interactive emotions but triggers and expression varies between species
52
subareas in human limbic system send projections to ____
each other, and other parts of brain especially hypothalamus (all limbic system nuclei want to influence hypo and keep other limbic sites from influencing it)
53
hypothalamus is made of
- mammillary bodies
- medial preoptic region
- later and ventromedial hypothalamus
- suprachiasmatic nucleus
54
hypo controls
automatic/autonomic functions like in layer 1
fighting, fleeing, feeding, arousal
55
how does hypo communicate with limbic system and endocrine system
integration of emotional response (layer 2); neurosecretory, oxytocin, vasopressin
56
hypo and limbic system connections
- amygdalofugal (amygdala to hippocampus)
- fimbria/fornix (hippo to septum)
- striae terminalis (amyg to hypo)
- medial forebrain (highway between mammillary bodies and septum, passing through hypo)
- mammillothalamic tract (mammillaries to thalamus)
57
how to study brain structures
- study damaged or lesioned brains lacking structure
- where does region send its axons/where does it talk to
- stimulate electrical activity of structure
- brain imaging of structure's activity under conditions
58
amygdala
derived from word for almond; related to rage/aggression and anxiety
59
two types of fear
innate (phobia), learned
60
classical condition is a type of _____ _____
associate learning; ex. taste aversion
61
unconditioned response
an involuntary, unlearned reaction elicited by unconditioned stimulus
62
conditioned stimulus
previously neutral but now elicits conditioned response after paired with unconditioned stimulus
63
conditioned response
learned response to conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioning
64
associated neurons become (more/less) excitable
more because of new connections
stronger acquisition goes with higher strength of conditioned response
65
1. acquisition
2. extinction
3. spontaneous recovery
1. conditioned stimulus - unconditioned stimulus paired
2. conditioned stimulus alone
3. conditioned stimulus alone -- we don't passively forget an association we just learn not to make the association
see image from lecture 6
66
amygdala connections
1. sensory cortex (shortcut bypasses cortex for faster, less accurate "non-thinking"
2. pain info (brainstem)
3. disgust (insular/prefrontal cortex)
4. learning and memory (hippo)
5. motor movement (brainstem)
6. arousal (hypo - fight/flight, stress, emotional events, sex)
67
key functions of some limbic structures
1. amygdala - fear, anxiety, aggression
2. septum - aggression
3. hippo - learning and memory
4. mammillary bodies - maternal behaviors
5. frontal cortex - inhibition of socially inappropriate behaviors and inhibition of perseveration cognitions
6. medial preoptic of hypo - sexual behavior
7. lateral and ventromedial hypo - hunger and satiation
8. suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypo - circadian rhythmicity
68
frontal cortex has what unique neuron type that might play role in what
von Economo neurons; social interactions
69
von Economo neurons found in ____ and have ____ and ____
primates, whales, dolphins, elephants; insula (disgust), anterior cingulate (empathy)
70
frontal cortex consists of
prefrontal cortex (decider), premotor cortex, motor cortex (voluntary motor behavior)
71
amount of cortex devoted to a body region corresponds to
how richly innervated with motor or sensory neurons that region is
72
the frontal cortex makes you do the _____ thing when its the _____ thing to do
harder, right
73
the cognitive harder thing
working memory, strategizing, reversal tasks to overcome ingrained patterns, responding to rules
74
the emotional harder thing
inhibiting inappropriate behaviors (phineas gage; goes off in REM which is why dreams are wild and unrepressed), hyperactivity results in repressive personalities (tightly regulated emotions), decision making and delaying gratification
75
sociopaths exhibit
low basal activity in frontal cortex, high activity when engaged in executive tasks
76
frontal cortex involved in/has
working memory, executive function, emotional regulation, gratification postponement, long-term planning, impulsivity regulation, motor memory (transferred to cerebellum), has high metabolic rate, expensive yet vulnerable cells
77
frontal cortex activities can be damaged after
high cognitive loads
78
profoundly brace acts are automatic meaning they probably
bypass frontal cortex
79
ventromedial (vmPFC) vs dorsolateral (dlPFC)
1. vm: emotional decision making, interconnected with limbic system, go with your gut feeling
2. dl: rational, cognitive, utilitarian, unsentimental, gratification postponement
80
regulate emotions through thought
1. response-focused (stop emotional response once begun)
| 2. antecedent (reframe or distract from response before starts - can activate dlPFC, use placebo or CBT)
81
regulate decisions through emotions
1. somatic markers
2. serotonin projections
3. dopamine projections
82
somatic markers are _____ and use _____
- internal stimulations of possible outcomes/decisions, and what they would feel like
- the limbic system and vmPFC
83
the higher the salience of a somatic marker, the more likely it is to activate layer ___ regions in addition to layer ____
layer 1, layer 2
84
serotonin projections
- sent to frontal cortex
- play a role in inhibiting impulsive behavior
- role in mood and depression
85
dopamine projections
- sent to frontal cortex
- NT of pleasure anticipation
- fuels ability of frontal cortex to hold out for the harder thing
