Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

neuro > exam #1 lectures 5-7 > Flashcards

exam #1 lectures 5-7 Flashcards

1
Q

the cortex is involved in

A
  • memory
  • learning
  • judgment
  • decision making
  • conscious commands to muscles
  • complex processing of sensory info
  • higher order stuff
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the limbic system is involved in

A

regulation of emotions and motivations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hindbrain and brainstem are involved in

A

breathing and HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

afferents

A

carry sensory info from body to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

efferents

A

carry motor info from brain to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

from top to bottom, what is general structure of brain

A

cortex, limbic system, hindbrain, brainstem, spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where are interneurons

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a mammalian specialty

A

limbic system - complex emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a primate specialty

A

cortex - social intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

coronal plane

A

from front to back

vertical so that eyes on one side, back of head on other –> through the ears!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

horizontal plane

A

from top to bottom

horizontal –> through the nose!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sagittal plane

A

from left to right

3D plane

straight between the eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

BRAIN dorsal

A

top/above/superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

BRAIN ventral

A

bottom/below/inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

BRAIN rostral

A

front/anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

BRAIN caudal

A

back/posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

SPINE dorsal

A

back/posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

SPINE ventral

A

front/anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

SPINE rostral

A

towards middle of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

SPINE caudal

A

towards tailbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sulcus vs gyrus

A

sulcus is a sulking groove, gyrus is a bump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do sulci and gyri do

A

increase surface area and cells so we can have higher capability for complex thought, cognition, social interaction, communication among neurons with complex messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

dura mater

A

tough outside film of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

metaphorical layers of the brain dude

A

Paul MacLean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

metaphorical layer 1

A

oldest; automatic and regulatory functions like temperature, stress response, automatic actions controlled by ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

metaphorical layer 1 structures

A

midbrain, hindbrain, brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

metaphorical layer 2

A

more recently expanded in mammals; emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

metaphorical layer 3

A

newest; cognition, memory, sensory processing, higher level thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

metaphorical layer 3 made primarily of

A

neocortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how much do layers overlap

A

a lot, hard to draw lines between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what structure is stuck between layers

A

hypothalamus stuck between 1 and 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

information flows in what direction in the layers

A

both directions, 1 to 3 and 3 to 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

simply put layer 1 is ____, layer 2 is ____, layer 3 is ____

A

automatic, emotion, thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

ANS

A

regulates involuntary function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ANS made up of ___ and ___

A

sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system

36
Q

the ANS is (always/sometimes) activated

A

always

37
Q

the brain beats on its own but the sym tells it to _____ and the para tells it to ____

A

speed up, slow down

38
Q

under normal circumstances, the ____ stimulates the digestive tract; under emergency circumstances, the ____ stimulates it

A

para; sym

39
Q

what does the sym do to digestion under emergency

A

shuts it down, stops blood flow to GI tract so energy is not wasted

40
Q

which of para and sym is always activated

A

neither; one is always active but take over for each other if inhibited

41
Q

sym is activated during _____ and para is activated during ____

A

fight or flight; rest and digest/calm

42
Q

sym releases ____ and ____ while para releases _____

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine; acetylcholine

43
Q

_____ has some voluntary control like urination and defecation

A

para

44
Q

ANS directly influenced by the _____ in layer 1, _____ in layer 2, _____ in layer 3

A

hypothalamus, limbic system, cortex

45
Q

ANS and cortex

A

cortex to limbic system/hypothalamus to ANS and reverse

46
Q

ANS adaptations

A

plasticity - changes over time

47
Q

why is it good for the ANS to adapt

A

need to adapt to environment to respond to it better

48
Q

3 ways the ANS adapts

A
  1. habituation (same stimulus does not continue having same effect on ANS, like with fire drills)
  2. sensitization (stimulus that didn’t have effect before now does, like with startle response from trauma)
  3. biofeedback (conscious tool for controlling unconscious workings of ANS, like with thinking relaxing thoughts to reduce sym response and calm down)
49
Q

limbic system is in layer __ and consists of ____ structures

A

2; hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, septum, cingulate cortex and gyrus, mammillary bodies, thalamic nuclei, frontal cortex

50
Q

who coined term “limbic system” and what was it called before

A

Paul MacLean; rhinencephalon

51
Q

limbic system deals with

A

complex interactive emotions but triggers and expression varies between species

52
Q

subareas in human limbic system send projections to ____

A

each other, and other parts of brain especially hypothalamus (all limbic system nuclei want to influence hypo and keep other limbic sites from influencing it)

53
Q

hypothalamus is made of

A
  • mammillary bodies
  • medial preoptic region
  • later and ventromedial hypothalamus
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus
54
Q

hypo controls

A

automatic/autonomic functions like in layer 1

fighting, fleeing, feeding, arousal

55
Q

how does hypo communicate with limbic system and endocrine system

A

integration of emotional response (layer 2); neurosecretory, oxytocin, vasopressin

56
Q

hypo and limbic system connections

A
  • amygdalofugal (amygdala to hippocampus)
  • fimbria/fornix (hippo to septum)
  • striae terminalis (amyg to hypo)
  • medial forebrain (highway between mammillary bodies and septum, passing through hypo)
  • mammillothalamic tract (mammillaries to thalamus)
57
Q

how to study brain structures

A
  • study damaged or lesioned brains lacking structure
  • where does region send its axons/where does it talk to
  • stimulate electrical activity of structure
  • brain imaging of structure’s activity under conditions
58
Q

amygdala

A

derived from word for almond; related to rage/aggression and anxiety

59
Q

two types of fear

A

innate (phobia), learned

60
Q

classical condition is a type of _____ _____

A

associate learning; ex. taste aversion

61
Q

unconditioned response

A

an involuntary, unlearned reaction elicited by unconditioned stimulus

62
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

previously neutral but now elicits conditioned response after paired with unconditioned stimulus

63
Q

conditioned response

A

learned response to conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioning

64
Q

associated neurons become (more/less) excitable

A

more because of new connections

stronger acquisition goes with higher strength of conditioned response

65
Q
  1. acquisition
  2. extinction
  3. spontaneous recovery
A
  1. conditioned stimulus - unconditioned stimulus paired
  2. conditioned stimulus alone
  3. conditioned stimulus alone – we don’t passively forget an association we just learn not to make the association

see image from lecture 6

66
Q

amygdala connections

A
  1. sensory cortex (shortcut bypasses cortex for faster, less accurate “non-thinking”
  2. pain info (brainstem)
  3. disgust (insular/prefrontal cortex)
  4. learning and memory (hippo)
  5. motor movement (brainstem)
  6. arousal (hypo - fight/flight, stress, emotional events, sex)
67
Q

key functions of some limbic structures

A
  1. amygdala - fear, anxiety, aggression
  2. septum - aggression
  3. hippo - learning and memory
  4. mammillary bodies - maternal behaviors
  5. frontal cortex - inhibition of socially inappropriate behaviors and inhibition of perseveration cognitions
  6. medial preoptic of hypo - sexual behavior
  7. lateral and ventromedial hypo - hunger and satiation
  8. suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypo - circadian rhythmicity
68
Q

frontal cortex has what unique neuron type that might play role in what

A

von Economo neurons; social interactions

69
Q

von Economo neurons found in ____ and have ____ and ____

A

primates, whales, dolphins, elephants; insula (disgust), anterior cingulate (empathy)

70
Q

frontal cortex consists of

A

prefrontal cortex (decider), premotor cortex, motor cortex (voluntary motor behavior)

71
Q

amount of cortex devoted to a body region corresponds to

A

how richly innervated with motor or sensory neurons that region is

72
Q

the frontal cortex makes you do the _____ thing when its the _____ thing to do

A

harder, right

73
Q

the cognitive harder thing

A

working memory, strategizing, reversal tasks to overcome ingrained patterns, responding to rules

74
Q

the emotional harder thing

A

inhibiting inappropriate behaviors (phineas gage; goes off in REM which is why dreams are wild and unrepressed), hyperactivity results in repressive personalities (tightly regulated emotions), decision making and delaying gratification

75
Q

sociopaths exhibit

A

low basal activity in frontal cortex, high activity when engaged in executive tasks

76
Q

frontal cortex involved in/has

A

working memory, executive function, emotional regulation, gratification postponement, long-term planning, impulsivity regulation, motor memory (transferred to cerebellum), has high metabolic rate, expensive yet vulnerable cells

77
Q

frontal cortex activities can be damaged after

A

high cognitive loads

78
Q

profoundly brace acts are automatic meaning they probably

A

bypass frontal cortex

79
Q

ventromedial (vmPFC) vs dorsolateral (dlPFC)

A
  1. vm: emotional decision making, interconnected with limbic system, go with your gut feeling
  2. dl: rational, cognitive, utilitarian, unsentimental, gratification postponement
80
Q

regulate emotions through thought

A
  1. response-focused (stop emotional response once begun)

2. antecedent (reframe or distract from response before starts - can activate dlPFC, use placebo or CBT)

81
Q

regulate decisions through emotions

A
  1. somatic markers
  2. serotonin projections
  3. dopamine projections
82
Q

somatic markers are _____ and use _____

A
  • internal stimulations of possible outcomes/decisions, and what they would feel like
  • the limbic system and vmPFC
83
Q

the higher the salience of a somatic marker, the more likely it is to activate layer ___ regions in addition to layer ____

A

layer 1, layer 2

84
Q

serotonin projections

A
  • sent to frontal cortex
  • play a role in inhibiting impulsive behavior
  • role in mood and depression
85
Q

dopamine projections

A
  • sent to frontal cortex
  • NT of pleasure anticipation
  • fuels ability of frontal cortex to hold out for the harder thing

neuro (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions