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exam #1 lectures 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

resting membrane potential

A

chemical contrast measured during resting state

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2
Q

state of a neuron having nothing to say

A

resting membrane potential

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3
Q

the inside of a neuron is more _____ relative to the outside, which is more _____

A

negative, positive

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4
Q

during a resting state ___ K+ is moved (into/out of) the cell while ___ Na+ is moved (into/out of) the cell

A

2 K+ is moved in for every 3 Na+ moved out

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5
Q

the outside of the cell is mostly ___ and ___

A

Na+ and Cl-

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6
Q

is potassium more or less permeable than sodium

A

more

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7
Q

during a resting state potassium wants to follow chemical gradient (in/out) of the cell and electrical gradient (in/out) of the cell

A

chemical out because less potassium out, electrical in because more negative in

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8
Q

during a resting state sodium wants to follow chemical gradient (in/out) of the cell and electrical gradient (in/out) of the cell

A

both in because less sodium in and more negative in

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9
Q

what maintains the ion gradient

A

sodium potassium pump

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10
Q

resting potential of a neuron is positive or negative

A

negative

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11
Q

resting potential is between what and what volts

A

-65 and -70 mV

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12
Q

why is the voltage of resting potential useful

A

makes contrast between something and nothing to say more dramatic from negative to positive than from zero to positive

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13
Q

temporal summation vs spatial summation

A

temporal: one dendrite being stimulated over and over very quickly/close together in time (looks like stairs)
spatial: multiple dendrites being stimulated simultaneously (looks like a bell curve)

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14
Q

where does summation happen

A

cell body/soma

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15
Q

state of having something to say

A

action potential

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16
Q

what channels are open during depolarization

A

Na+

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17
Q

what channels are open during repolarization

A

K+

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18
Q

why do K+ channels have a delayed closing

A

so the cell becomes hyperpolarized

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19
Q

refractory period

A

during hyperpolarization after firing; can’t trigger another action potential

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20
Q

what channels stay open and what channels stay closed during refractory period

A

K+ stays open, Na+ stay closed

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21
Q

does the strength of an action potential increase or decrease over time

A

neither; it regenerates and continues passing info through the neuron and on to the next

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22
Q

an action potential is more like dominoes or ripple effect

A

cascading dominoes

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23
Q

glial cells

A

influence how neurons communicate

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24
Q

Schwann cells

A

wrap around axon to create myelin sheath; create insulation that increases speed of firing

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25
the # of dendrites, neurons and connectors can vary from person to person
yes
26
the # of dendrites, neurons, connectors, threshold, # of dendritic spines, # of axon terminals, axon hillocks can change over time and experiences
yes
27
are we born with myelin sheaths
no, we develop them
28
synctitium
neurons grow into "super neuron" | neurons directly touch each other and are physically attached
29
neuron doctrine
neurons remain independent from each other and there is a gap between them
30
one proponent of synctitium
golgi
31
one proponent of neuron doctrine
Cajal
32
Golgi stain
1873 | thought stain would show all neurons are connected but proved his hypothesis wrong
33
how does the binding of a NT change excitability of the postsynaptic neuron
causes transformational change, binding of other proteins inside the neuron, channels open, influx of positive ions (depolarization)
34
what happens to a NT after binding
either recycled and repackaged into another presynaptic vesicle or broken down as waste
35
what criteria are used to determine what is a NT
- located in axon terminal - released during AP - floats across synapse and binds with receptors on postsynaptic neuron - any interference will alter neurochemical events in predictable manner
36
example of NT interference
-blocked receptor gates (neuron fails to become excited)
37
how does the body make a NT
easily, quickly, cheaply, in surplus, from plentiful precursors (amino acids from diet), efficiently
38
example of amino acid from diet that makes NT
tryptophan
39
NTs are...
small, not complex, easy to make in few steps, easy to clean up
40
if NT were large it would be harder to...
send discrete signals of communication, have enough always
41
can one precursor make multiple NT
yes
42
examples of NT
serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA
43
most common excitatory and inhibitory NT
glutamate (ex), GABA (in)
44
which NT can be either excitatory or inhibitory
dopamine
45
do all NT have same magnitude or duration of effect
no
46
axons release the _____ NTs
same; one axon releases glutamate, all other axon terminals in that neuron will also
47
ways to change NT signaling
- change activity of degradative enzyme to eat NT - change amount of NT release (synthesized, released) - change number of receptors - change sensitivity of receptors - change activity of reuptake pump
48
ways to increase NT signaling
- synthesize or release more NT - make synthetic NT (hallucinogens) - more receptors - less reuptake pump activity (SSRIs) - less degradative enzyme activity
49
ways to decrease NT signaling
- block NT from being released or synthesized - block receptors - increase reuptake pump activity - increase activity of degradative enzymes
50
how does benzodiazepine affect anxiety levels
more = less anxiety; less = more anxiety amount being made, released and broken determines anxiety level
51
true or false everything modified by experience and environment and is unique to each person
true
52
recurrent collateral
a way for a single neuron to sharpen the signal over time
53
communication through recurrent collateral with another neuron is ___ and with the self is ____ (ex/in)
excitatory with another neuron, inhibitory with self
54
how can a neuron trigger an AP that is not meaningful
background noise and random firing
55
with recurrent collaterals the AP travels through to next neuron or stays in the same neuron
both
56
recurrent collateral reaching start of own neuron causes what to happen
AP stops firing, even background and random inhibitory NT effect next neuron will stop firing eventually as well (not receiving any messages)
57
stopped AP after recurrent collateral cycles back around causes a dramatic or subtle change of AP
dramatic; many APs to none
58
why are recurrent collaterals useful
makes bigger contrast between nothing and something to say
59
lateral inhibition
way for a neuron to sharpen signal over space
60
explain formation of lateral inhibition
middle neuron has recurrent collateral that is also reaching to top and bottom neurons to inhibit them
61
the middle neuron ____ while the top and bottom neurons ____ and vice versa
is firing rapidly, are silent
62
feedback loops
triggered after neuron is acted upon by disturbanc
63
where do feedback loops happen
in recurrent collateral
64
feedback loops are either ____ or ____
positive or negative
65
feedforward loops
triggered before disturbance acts on neuron | see images from lecture 4
66
implications of sharpening signal and feedback
pain pathway (fast, sharp pain or dull, chronic pain)
67
fast, sharp pain
affected neurons turned on then turned off quickly; excitatory then quick inhibitory
68
fast, sharp pains use a _____ mechanism
negative feedforward pain goes to pain sensory cortex as well as to something upstream of the neuron to alter it in some way
69
dull, chronic pain
lack of self-inhibition causes pain to continue once turned on
70
what does the recurrent collateral do in dull, chronic pain
inhibits the inhibitor from inhibiting pain
71
what is the more expensive pain pathway
fast, sharp pain; loss of this helps to explain chronic pain in diabetes
72
how else can you shut down pain
stimulate adjacent pathways, like itching a mosquito bite
73
huber and Wiesel talked about what
wiring of neural networks using the visual system retina perceiving light mapped out in visual cortex each layer of cortex became increasingly more complex
74
huber layer 1
1 to 1 mapping of retinal cells do you see a dot of light temporal and spatial sharpening of signal
75
huber layer 2
multiple layer 1 cells projecting to layer 2 do you see a line of light
76
huber layer 3
5+ neurons from layer 2 sending input to layer 3 do you see a moving light
77
huber layer 4
knows about angles
78
what is the logic that follows from Hubers and Wiesels layers
each layer would get more and more specialized until get to grandmother neuron that only recognizes grandmothers
79
is the logic from huber wiesel possible
no; no single neuron can contain that specific of information neurons make patterns of excitations, is a series of interactions among neurons from other networks
80
what is better way of thinking about huber and wiesels layers
neuron 1 in layer 1 projects info to neuron a, b, and c in layer 2; neuron 2 projects info to neuron b, c, and d in layer 2; etc. neuron a and e know only about particular info while neuron c knows some about a lot
81
how does neuron loss affect memory retrieval
it does not destroy memories but makes it harder to retrieve them
82
differences in what causes us to know different things and make different connections than other people
how our neurons and their projections overlap
83
creative people have (more/less) broad networks and projections and patterns
more
84
the brain is not a ______ mass of __________ neurons but has structure and organization
homogenous, undifferentiated
85
what is a nucleus
clumps of neurons with related function
86
nuclei are/are not in same region
may be, like in hypothalamus
87
is one nucleus the sole producer of a behavior
rarely ever
88
what is gray matter
clusters of cell bodies
89
what is white matter
clusters of axons wrapped in white myelin sheaths

neuro (3 decks)

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