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neuro > exam #1 lectures 1-4 > Flashcards

exam #1 lectures 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

resting membrane potential

A

chemical contrast measured during resting state

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2
Q

state of a neuron having nothing to say

A

resting membrane potential

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3
Q

the inside of a neuron is more _____ relative to the outside, which is more _____

A

negative, positive

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4
Q

during a resting state ___ K+ is moved (into/out of) the cell while ___ Na+ is moved (into/out of) the cell

A

2 K+ is moved in for every 3 Na+ moved out

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5
Q

the outside of the cell is mostly ___ and ___

A

Na+ and Cl-

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6
Q

is potassium more or less permeable than sodium

A

more

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7
Q

during a resting state potassium wants to follow chemical gradient (in/out) of the cell and electrical gradient (in/out) of the cell

A

chemical out because less potassium out, electrical in because more negative in

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8
Q

during a resting state sodium wants to follow chemical gradient (in/out) of the cell and electrical gradient (in/out) of the cell

A

both in because less sodium in and more negative in

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9
Q

what maintains the ion gradient

A

sodium potassium pump

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10
Q

resting potential of a neuron is positive or negative

A

negative

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11
Q

resting potential is between what and what volts

A

-65 and -70 mV

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12
Q

why is the voltage of resting potential useful

A

makes contrast between something and nothing to say more dramatic from negative to positive than from zero to positive

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13
Q

temporal summation vs spatial summation

A

temporal: one dendrite being stimulated over and over very quickly/close together in time (looks like stairs)
spatial: multiple dendrites being stimulated simultaneously (looks like a bell curve)

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14
Q

where does summation happen

A

cell body/soma

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15
Q

state of having something to say

A

action potential

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16
Q

what channels are open during depolarization

A

Na+

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17
Q

what channels are open during repolarization

A

K+

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18
Q

why do K+ channels have a delayed closing

A

so the cell becomes hyperpolarized

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19
Q

refractory period

A

during hyperpolarization after firing; can’t trigger another action potential

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20
Q

what channels stay open and what channels stay closed during refractory period

A

K+ stays open, Na+ stay closed

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21
Q

does the strength of an action potential increase or decrease over time

A

neither; it regenerates and continues passing info through the neuron and on to the next

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22
Q

an action potential is more like dominoes or ripple effect

A

cascading dominoes

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23
Q

glial cells

A

influence how neurons communicate

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24
Q

Schwann cells

A

wrap around axon to create myelin sheath; create insulation that increases speed of firing

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25
Q

the # of dendrites, neurons and connectors can vary from person to person

A

yes

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26
Q

the # of dendrites, neurons, connectors, threshold, # of dendritic spines, # of axon terminals, axon hillocks can change over time and experiences

A

yes

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27
Q

are we born with myelin sheaths

A

no, we develop them

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28
Q

synctitium

A

neurons grow into “super neuron”

neurons directly touch each other and are physically attached

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29
Q

neuron doctrine

A

neurons remain independent from each other and there is a gap between them

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30
Q

one proponent of synctitium

A

golgi

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31
Q

one proponent of neuron doctrine

A

Cajal

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32
Q

Golgi stain

A

1873

thought stain would show all neurons are connected but proved his hypothesis wrong

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33
Q

how does the binding of a NT change excitability of the postsynaptic neuron

A

causes transformational change, binding of other proteins inside the neuron, channels open, influx of positive ions (depolarization)

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34
Q

what happens to a NT after binding

A

either recycled and repackaged into another presynaptic vesicle or broken down as waste

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35
Q

what criteria are used to determine what is a NT

A
  • located in axon terminal
  • released during AP
  • floats across synapse and binds with receptors on postsynaptic neuron
  • any interference will alter neurochemical events in predictable manner
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36
Q

example of NT interference

A

-blocked receptor gates (neuron fails to become excited)

37
Q

how does the body make a NT

A

easily, quickly, cheaply, in surplus, from plentiful precursors (amino acids from diet), efficiently

38
Q

example of amino acid from diet that makes NT

A

tryptophan

39
Q

NTs are…

A

small, not complex, easy to make in few steps, easy to clean up

40
Q

if NT were large it would be harder to…

A

send discrete signals of communication, have enough always

41
Q

can one precursor make multiple NT

A

yes

42
Q

examples of NT

A

serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA

43
Q

most common excitatory and inhibitory NT

A

glutamate (ex), GABA (in)

44
Q

which NT can be either excitatory or inhibitory

A

dopamine

45
Q

do all NT have same magnitude or duration of effect

A

no

46
Q

axons release the _____ NTs

A

same; one axon releases glutamate, all other axon terminals in that neuron will also

47
Q

ways to change NT signaling

A
  • change activity of degradative enzyme to eat NT
  • change amount of NT release (synthesized, released)
  • change number of receptors
  • change sensitivity of receptors
  • change activity of reuptake pump
48
Q

ways to increase NT signaling

A
  • synthesize or release more NT
  • make synthetic NT (hallucinogens)
  • more receptors
  • less reuptake pump activity (SSRIs)
  • less degradative enzyme activity
49
Q

ways to decrease NT signaling

A
  • block NT from being released or synthesized
  • block receptors
  • increase reuptake pump activity
  • increase activity of degradative enzymes
50
Q

how does benzodiazepine affect anxiety levels

A

more = less anxiety; less = more anxiety

amount being made, released and broken determines anxiety level

51
Q

true or false everything modified by experience and environment and is unique to each person

A

true

52
Q

recurrent collateral

A

a way for a single neuron to sharpen the signal over time

53
Q

communication through recurrent collateral with another neuron is ___ and with the self is ____ (ex/in)

A

excitatory with another neuron, inhibitory with self

54
Q

how can a neuron trigger an AP that is not meaningful

A

background noise and random firing

55
Q

with recurrent collaterals the AP travels through to next neuron or stays in the same neuron

A

both

56
Q

recurrent collateral reaching start of own neuron causes what to happen

A

AP stops firing, even background and random

inhibitory NT effect

next neuron will stop firing eventually as well (not receiving any messages)

57
Q

stopped AP after recurrent collateral cycles back around causes a dramatic or subtle change of AP

A

dramatic; many APs to none

58
Q

why are recurrent collaterals useful

A

makes bigger contrast between nothing and something to say

59
Q

lateral inhibition

A

way for a neuron to sharpen signal over space

60
Q

explain formation of lateral inhibition

A

middle neuron has recurrent collateral that is also reaching to top and bottom neurons to inhibit them

61
Q

the middle neuron ____ while the top and bottom neurons ____ and vice versa

A

is firing rapidly, are silent

62
Q

feedback loops

A

triggered after neuron is acted upon by disturbanc

63
Q

where do feedback loops happen

A

in recurrent collateral

64
Q

feedback loops are either ____ or ____

A

positive or negative

65
Q

feedforward loops

A

triggered before disturbance acts on neuron

see images from lecture 4

66
Q

implications of sharpening signal and feedback

A

pain pathway (fast, sharp pain or dull, chronic pain)

67
Q

fast, sharp pain

A

affected neurons turned on then turned off quickly; excitatory then quick inhibitory

68
Q

fast, sharp pains use a _____ mechanism

A

negative feedforward

pain goes to pain sensory cortex as well as to something upstream of the neuron to alter it in some way

69
Q

dull, chronic pain

A

lack of self-inhibition causes pain to continue once turned on

70
Q

what does the recurrent collateral do in dull, chronic pain

A

inhibits the inhibitor from inhibiting pain

71
Q

what is the more expensive pain pathway

A

fast, sharp pain; loss of this helps to explain chronic pain in diabetes

72
Q

how else can you shut down pain

A

stimulate adjacent pathways, like itching a mosquito bite

73
Q

huber and Wiesel talked about what

A

wiring of neural networks using the visual system

retina perceiving light mapped out in visual cortex

each layer of cortex became increasingly more complex

74
Q

huber layer 1

A

1 to 1 mapping of retinal cells

do you see a dot of light

temporal and spatial sharpening of signal

75
Q

huber layer 2

A

multiple layer 1 cells projecting to layer 2

do you see a line of light

76
Q

huber layer 3

A

5+ neurons from layer 2 sending input to layer 3

do you see a moving light

77
Q

huber layer 4

A

knows about angles

78
Q

what is the logic that follows from Hubers and Wiesels layers

A

each layer would get more and more specialized until get to grandmother neuron that only recognizes grandmothers

79
Q

is the logic from huber wiesel possible

A

no; no single neuron can contain that specific of information

neurons make patterns of excitations, is a series of interactions among neurons from other networks

80
Q

what is better way of thinking about huber and wiesels layers

A

neuron 1 in layer 1 projects info to neuron a, b, and c in layer 2; neuron 2 projects info to neuron b, c, and d in layer 2; etc.

neuron a and e know only about particular info while neuron c knows some about a lot

81
Q

how does neuron loss affect memory retrieval

A

it does not destroy memories but makes it harder to retrieve them

82
Q

differences in what causes us to know different things and make different connections than other people

A

how our neurons and their projections overlap

83
Q

creative people have (more/less) broad networks and projections and patterns

A

more

84
Q

the brain is not a ______ mass of __________ neurons but has structure and organization

A

homogenous, undifferentiated

85
Q

what is a nucleus

A

clumps of neurons with related function

86
Q

nuclei are/are not in same region

A

may be, like in hypothalamus

87
Q

is one nucleus the sole producer of a behavior

A

rarely ever

88
Q

what is gray matter

A

clusters of cell bodies

89
Q

what is white matter

A

clusters of axons wrapped in white myelin sheaths

neuro (3 decks)

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