Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomechanics IV > Exam 1 lecture: synovial jts and arthrokinematics > Flashcards

Exam 1 lecture: synovial jts and arthrokinematics Flashcards

1
Q

biomechanical triad

A

skeleton, muscles, joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

parts of long bone

A

diaphysis metaphysis (x2) epiphysis (x2) physis (x2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is an apophysis?

A

accessory physis for tubercle, tuberosity, or epicondyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the most common joint type in the extremities?

A

synovial jt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is subchondral bone? what are its properties?

A

tip of epiphysis, deep to articular cartilage dense/cancellous/spongy bone; shock absorber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is synovial fluid made of?

A

GAGs - glycosaminoglycans *hyaluronic acid is most important GAG*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

functions of synovial fluid

A

shock absorption lubrication nutrient supply to cartilage waste removal from cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens if you don’t move your joints in regards to synovial fluid/cartilage?

A

decreased function due to no movement of nutrients in and out of cartilage; aging process speeds up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 layers of synovial membrane

A

intima: epithelioid layer subintima: CT layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which layer of the synovial membrane is vascularized?

A

subintima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which layer of the synovial membrane is innervated?

A

subintima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the functions of the synovial membrane?

A

produce and resorb synovial fluid immunity for joint cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are found in the transition zones of synovial membrane?

A

villi and fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what types of cell would you find in the synovial membrane?

A

macrophages secretory fibroblast lipocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what type of capillaries are in the synovial membrane? for what purpose?

A

fenestrated capillaries; increased fluid exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

t or f: the synovial membrane does not contain lymphatic vessels.

A

false.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what type of CT is the fibrous joint capsule made up of?

A

dense irregular CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the functions of the fibrous joint capsule?

A

support/stabilize: static support guide and limit movements absorb shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

t or f: the synovial joint capsule is inelastic and non-contractile.

A

true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

static vs. dynamic support

A

dynamic support: comes from muscles static support: anything that is not muscle support; sometimes also referred to as primary support even though it is the last form of support before injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

attachment sites of ligament to bone; blends together continuously (as opposed to a rigid line of transition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Wolff’s law

A

tissues react to external forces; tissues will adapt to forces placed on them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

t or f: the fibrous joint capsule is vascularized but not innervated.

A

false. the fibrous joint capsule is both vascularized and innervated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

bursa: definition and function

A

a “sac” of fluid meant to help lubricate and cushion areas where two bones rub together - really a potential space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

t or f: some bursa communicate with joint capsules regularly, while others may communicate through defects in the capsule or not at all.

A

true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the most common type or articular cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the main components of articular cartilage?

A

low cell population density H2O (80% of total wt) collagen (60-70% of dry weight) GAGs (proteoglycans, 30-40% of dry weight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the function of collagen?

A

hold cartilage together resist shear & expansive forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what joints are lined by fibrocartilage?

A

AC jt SC jt TMJ 1/2 of SI jt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

t or f: collagen fibers are more parallel on bony side of cartilage cap and more perpendicular near articular surface.

A

false. fibers are more parallel near articular surface due to shear forces at the surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is important for GAGs to function?

A

GAGs must be sulfated for function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

give 4 examples of GAGs

A

chondroitin sulfate* glucosamine sulfate* keratin sulfate hyaluronic acid *most important in cartilage matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cartilage matrix is hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

why are small compressive loads better than large compressive loads on cartilage?

A

large compressive loads squeeze fluid film out of the cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

why are rapid oscillations/no oscillations bad?

A

decreased fluid exchange starves cartilage (e.g. immobilization, sustained load, vibratory tools)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what changes occur in hydrostatic lubrication in DJD?

A

cell numbers decrease GAGs decrease decreased lubrication –> serous fluid increases increased calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what happens to the subchondral bone in DJD?

A

calcification –> increased rigidity increased thickness –> increased rigidity and impedes nutrient delivery/waste removal sclerosis on x-rays decreased shock absorption - more dense like cortical bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what causes DJD?

A

injury, wear and tear, increased mechanical stress, muscle weakness, abnormal support, decreased cartilage, decreased synovial fluid, aging, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

4 joints that include a disc

A

AC (child –> early 20’s) SC TMJ ulnocarpal (TFC = triangular fibrocartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

2 joints that include a meniscus

A

knee AC (late 20’s –> early 30’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

2 types of intra-articular cartilage

A

disc, meniscus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what type of cartilage is intra-articular cartilage?

A

fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the functions of intra-articular cartilage?

A

shock absorption congruency stability decreased friction increased motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

is intra-articular cartilage innervated/vascularized?

A

yes, but only the outer 1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are some effects of aging on intra-articular cartilage?

A

decreased vascularization decreased chondrocyte population decreased GAGs and collagen decreased shock absorption and flexibility increased collagen fiber size

46
Q

most extremity synovial joints are _______ and ________

A

diarthrodial, highly mobile

47
Q

3 joint classifications

A

simple compound complex

48
Q

simple joint

A

2 articular surfaces (1 articulation) simple joints usually have simple movements

49
Q

compound joint

A

2 or more articulations

50
Q

complex joint

A

1 or more articulations + intra-articular disc/meniscus

51
Q

joint complex

A

several joints acting together as a functional group

52
Q

what type of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

compound

53
Q

what type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?

A

compound

54
Q

what type of joint is the patellofemoral joint?

A

compound

55
Q

what are some examples of joint complexes?

A

knee, shoulder, elbow, wrist, etc.

56
Q

what type of joints are the MP joints?

A

simple

57
Q

what type of joint is the AC joint?

A

complex

58
Q

name a joint that is both a complex joint and a joint complex

A

elbow, wrist, knee

59
Q

name a joint that is a joint complex but not a complex joint.

A

ankle

60
Q

what type of joint is the SC joint?

A

complex

61
Q

what type of joint is the TMJ?

A

complex

62
Q

what are the 6 anatomical/morphological joint classifications?

A

spheroid = enarthrosis = ball & socket ellipsoid = condyloid arthroid = planar = gliding sellar = saddle ginglymus = hinge trochoid = pivot

63
Q

what are examples of a spheroid joint?

A

hip, shoulder

64
Q

what is an example of an ellipsoid joint?

A

tibiofemoral jt

65
Q

what is an example of an arthroid joint?

A

carpal jts

66
Q

what is an example of a sellar joint?

A

thumb

67
Q

what is an example of a ginglymus joint?

A

MP joints

68
Q

what is an example of a trochoid joint?

A

head of radius to capitulum

69
Q

what are the 4 joint motion classifications?

A

angular (flexion, extention, abduction, adduction) translational (primarily gliding) rotational circumduction (combination of all of the above)

70
Q

what are the 4 joint classifications based on axes of motion?

A

uniaxial biaxial polyaxial nonaxial

71
Q

what is an example of a uniaxial joint?

A

IP joints

72
Q

what is an example of a biaxial joint?

A

MP joints

73
Q

what is an example of a polyaxial joint?

A

shoulder, hip

74
Q

what is an example of a nonaxial joint?

A

carpal joints

75
Q

what is the shape of most joints? why?

A

irregular ovoid; non-linear/accessory motions b/t joint surfaces

76
Q

what is the significance of crooked or crank shaped bones?

A

actions differ from joint motion

77
Q

t or f: osteokinematics is based on mechanical axis, not axis of rotation

A

true

78
Q

what are the two types of motion according to osteokinematics?

A

spin, swing

79
Q

what movement would be assoc. w/rotation causing an angular type of movement?

A

rotation of the head of the femur (spin) –> flexion/extension of the femur

80
Q

when would spin cause rotation?

A

when mechanical axis is parallel to long axis

81
Q

t or f: in spin, the mechanical axis is stationary

A

true

82
Q

t or f: spin usually –> rotation

A

false b/c bones are crooked/crank shaped

83
Q

t or f: pure spin does not occur

A

true

84
Q

what movement does spin usually accompany?

A

swing

85
Q

why do we not use spin synonymously w/rotation?

A

spin can produce angular or rotational movement

86
Q

what is impure swing?

A

spin + swing

87
Q

what is the screw home mechanism?

A

knee must externally rotate during last 15˚ of extension

88
Q

what is the screw home mechanism a good example of?

A

conjoint rotation

89
Q

what is arthrokinematics?

A

joint classification based on movement at articular surfaces

90
Q

what are the 3 types of movement assoc. w/arthrokinematics?

A

rolle slide/glide spin

91
Q

what is conjoint rotation?

A

roll + slide + spin

92
Q

what are the problems with pure roll?

A

progression distraction impingement

93
Q

what are the problems with pure slide?

A

progression distraction impingement

94
Q

what is the most common movement happening in an adjustment?

A

slide

95
Q

which always moves in the direction of angular movement: roll or slide?

A

roll

96
Q

what is the rule for a convex on a concave surface?

A

slide is opposite roll

97
Q

what is the rule for a concave on a convex surface?

A

slide is in the same direction as roll

98
Q

conjunct/conjoint rotation

A

accessory rotation due to spin and swing occuring together

99
Q

closed/tight packed position

A

joint, muscles, etc. are tight - joint surfaces are drawn closer together (e.g. end range of motion)

100
Q

open/loose packed position

A

little tension in capsule, room for movement

101
Q

resting position

A

most loose packed position

102
Q

neutral position

A

standard 0˚ when measuring ROM

103
Q

end play

A

joint is most prone to injury at end of ROM

104
Q

what are the 7 functions of muscle?

A

shock absorption dynamic joint stabilization dynamic joint alignment acceleration deceleration heat production venous circulation

105
Q

name the 3 types of muscle contraction

A

isometric isotonic isokinetic

106
Q

isometric contraction

A

no change in length of muscle, no movement

107
Q

isotonic contraction

A

produces joint motion w/variable velocity concentric: muscle shortening eccentric: muscle lengthening, often more stress on muscle/tendon than concentric

108
Q

isokinetic contraction

A

produces joint motion w/no constant velocity

109
Q
A
110
Q

what are extracapsular ligs?

A

ligaments that are not a part of the capsule, but support the capsule

111
Q

what are the thickenings of the capsule?

A

capsular ligaments

Biomechanics IV (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions