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Human Anatomy and Histology > Exam 1 Lecture Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Lecture Material Flashcards

1
Q

What contributions did the Egyptians make to advance anatomy and surgery?

A

developed a writing system and recorded their findings; created surgical instruments from bronze including probes, saws, forceps, scalpels, and scissors; embalming techniques increased knowledge of major organs

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2
Q

Herophilus

A

father of anatomy; first to perform a human dissection and autopsy; first to differentiate nerves from blood vessels and discovered nerves conduct neural impulses; described salivary glands, liver, and pancreas; coined duodenum; best description of reproductive system and the anatomy of the eye

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3
Q

Aelius Galenus

A

authority of anatomy for 1400 years; dissections on the barbary maraque; clarified anatomy of the trachea; recognized difference between venous and arterial blood; investigated physiological activity; promoted the four humors theory and found that an imbalance of each humor corresponded with a particular human temperature and the temperatures would also have psychological descriptions of people at different temperatures

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4
Q

Why is 1315 important

A

the first official sanctioned human dissection occurred in Bologna since the Greeks

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5
Q

Barber-surgeon, ostensor, and professor roles

A

the professor would read form an authoritative text (usually galen), the ostensor would point to the part of the body to be dissected, and the barber-surgeon would perform the dissection

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6
Q

Why would “asking the wrong questions” hinder knowledge gain in anatomy?

A

in the past anatomy was studied in order to find God’s will. this stunted a gain in anatomical knowledge because anatomists would not be looking for diseases and other things that could lead to cures and thus advance anatomy

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7
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

father of modern anatomy; first to do all three roles of human dissection, lived 1514-1564; very talented artist and wrote 7 books with great detailed anatomical drawings

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8
Q

Why was grave-robbing popular in the 18th and 19th centuries? What was the other main source of cadavers during this time and a bit later?

A

the need for cadavers increased but the willingness to donate was low due to in the past cadavers were from those who were executed criminals therefore students would grave rob

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9
Q

What is the purpose of an anatomical theatre? When were these popular?

A

anatomical theaters were built to hold large audiences to view human dissection; they began to be popular after the pope accepted human dissection for anatomical studies

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10
Q

Proximal

A

toward an attached base

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11
Q

Distal

A

away from an attached base

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12
Q

9 regions of the abdomen (top row to bottom row)

A

right hypochondriac; epigastic; left hypochondriac; right lateral; umbilical; left lateral; right inguinal; pubic; left inguinal

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13
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane, with the exception of fingers and toes moving away from the central digit

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14
Q

Adduction

A

movement towards the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane, with the exception of fingers and toes moving towards the central digit

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15
Q

Circumduction

A

when a part of the body is moved successfully through first flexion, then abduction, then extension, and lastly adduction; you can start at any point but you need to go through the order; seen with arms, legs, and fingers

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16
Q

Flexion

A

a movement in the anterior-posterior plane that reduces the angle between the articulating elements

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17
Q

Extension

A

a movement in the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating elements

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18
Q

Rotation

A

movement of a part along its long axis without displacement of its long axis; includes supination, pronation, eversion, and inversion

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19
Q

Eversion

A

twisting motion of the foot that turns the plantar surface facing out

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20
Q

Inversion

A

twisting motion of the foot that turns the plantar surface facing inwards

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21
Q

Protraction

A

moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane

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22
Q

Retraction

A

moving a part of the body posteriorly in the horizontal plane

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23
Q

Opposition

A

movement of the thumb that produces pad-to-pad contact of the thumb with the palm or any other finger

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24
Q

Reposition

A

movement of the thumb that removes pad-to-pad contact of the thumb with the palm or any other finger

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25
Q

Elevation

A

movement of the body in a superior direction

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26
Q

Depression

A

movement of the body in an inferior direction

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27
Q

Clavicle function

A

connects the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton, muscle attachment site, joint mobility site, transmits forces from upper limb to axial skeleton

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28
Q

Clavicle location in body

A

originates at the superolateral border of the manubrium of the sternum, lateral to the jugular notch; the acromial end curves laterally and dorsally until it articulates with the acromion of the scapula; it lies inferior to the skin

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29
Q

Dislocated shoulder versus separated shoulder

A

a separated shoulder is a tear of the acromioclavicle ligament while a dislocated shoulder is a tear in the glenohumeral ligament

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30
Q

Superficial fascia

A

loose connective tissue that separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs, ex/ pectoral fascia surrounds pec minor

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31
Q

Deep fascia

A

dense regular connective tissue, ex/ clavipectoral surrounds the subclavius

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32
Q

Breast tissue

A

modified sweat glands made of stratified columnar epithelium and subcutaneous tissue of pectoral fat and glandular tissue

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33
Q

Anatomy of the breast

A

lobes (a collection of lobules) lead to lactiferous ducts which expand into lactiferous sinus near the nipple which they will then open to the surface of the nipple; there’re around 15-20 nipple openings; the lobes are bound together by connective tissue septa, which subdivide the adipose making the breast look smoother, and suspending ligaments also known as cooper’s ligaments which prevent breast ptosis but is made of collagen

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34
Q

Lymph

A

clear, colorless liquid from blood plasma made of plasma proteins and lymphocytes; found everywhere but the brain, bone marrow, epithelium, and cartilage

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35
Q

Lymph function

A

removes excess fluid from interstitial space and filters microorganisms

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36
Q

True rib

A

rib that’s directly connected to sternum via costal cartilages; 7 pairs

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37
Q

False rib

A

rib that’s not directly connected to sternum; 5 pairs; 2 of them are floating and 3 of them merge into the cartilage of rib 7

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38
Q

Rotator Cuff

A

4 muscles connecting the humerus and body that gives support and strengthens the joint capsule throughout a wide range of motion

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39
Q

Nerves that innervate the rotator cuff

A

suprascapular (superspinatus and infraspinatus), axillary (teres minor), and subscapular (subscapularis)

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40
Q

Anastomoses and example

A

where arteries coming from different connect; ex/ posterior and anterior intercostal arteries

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41
Q

Colateral circulation

A

blood supply to an organ/tissue via many different pathways for blood to reach it

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42
Q

Colateral circulation and blood occlusions

A

this is good in case of occlusions but it takes a while for angiogenesis therefore it won’t save you from immediate danger

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43
Q

Arterial blood supply pathway to arm

A

aorta to brachiocephalic, from the brachiocephalic to the inferior border of the first rib it is the subclavian, after the 1st rib to the inferior border of the teres major it is known as axillary artery and after the inferior border of teres major it is known as the brachial artery, the brachial artery then splits into the ulnar and radial artery

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44
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

inflammation within the sheath surrounding the flexor tendons of the palm leads to compression of the median

45
Q

Venous blood supply pathway to arm

A

the cephalic, basilic, radial, and ulnar veins starts at the wrist; the cephalic vein will dumps into the axillary vein and the median cubital vein, the median cubital vein will then dump into the basilic vein which will become the axillary vein once it passes the inferior border of teres major, both the ulnar and radial vein meet at the brachial vein which will also dump into the axillary vein. the axillary vein will then dump into the subclavian vein at the clavicle/first rib which will then dump into the brachiocephalic vein and finally the superior vena cava

46
Q

Flexor retinaculum

A

band of deep fascia that makes the top of the tunnel and the carpals make the bottom

47
Q

Sternal angle

A

aka manebrosternal joint will protrude outwards, it is where the manebrium and the body of the sternum meet

48
Q

Xiphistrenal joint

A

occurs at rib 7, where the body of the sternal and xiphoid process meet

49
Q

Arteries of the thorax region pathway

A

right internal thoracic artery branches off of right subclavian artery; left internal thoracic artery branches off of the left subclavian artery at the root of the neck; the anterior intercostal artery branches off the left internal thoracic artery and the right internal thoracic artery; posterior intercostal artery runs off of the thoracic aorta and is more posterior than the anterior intercostal artery

50
Q

Posterior Intercostal Veins of the thorax region pathway

A

the first right intercostal vein drains into the right brachiocephalic vein which will dump into the superior vena cava, the 2-12 right intercostal veins will drain into the axygous vein which will then dump into the superior vena cava; 1-4 left intercostal veins will drain into the accessory hemiazygous which will then drain into the left brachiocephalic vein (the accessory hemiazygous is superior to the 1st cross over), 5-8 left intercostal veins will drain into the accessory hemiazygous and then the azygous, 9-12 left intercostal veins drain into the azygous via hemiazygous

51
Q

Characteristics of cartilage and smooth muscle articulation with the lungs

A

as you go down the bronchiole tree the amount of cartilage (used to keep the airway open) decreases and at the bronchioles level and below there’s no cartilage; the amount of elastin and smooth muscle increases as you go down the bronchiole tree in order to provide the lungs with elasticity to get air out

52
Q

Lung lobe structure

A

right lung has 3 lobes: superior (3 lobules), middle (2 lobules), and inferior (5 lobes); the left lung has 2 lobes: superior (5 lobules) and inferior (5 lobules)

53
Q

Root of the lung

A

will connect the lung to the mediastinum; contains pulmonary artery and vein, primary bronchii, bronchiole vessels, nerves, lymphatics

54
Q

What anchors the lung

A

root of the lung and the pulmonary ligament

55
Q

Boundaries of the aditus

A

aditus is the opening, the superior border of the aditus is the superior border of the epiglottis, the aryepligottic folds are the lateral border, the interarytenoid fold is the inferior and posterior border

56
Q

Cavities of the larynx

A

extend from the aditus to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage; includes vestibule, ventricle, and infroglottic cavity

57
Q

Glottis

A

vocal folds and the slit between them (rima glottidis)

58
Q

False vocal cords

A

vestibular folds, prevent liquid from entering the lungs

59
Q

Cartilage of the larynx

A

there’re 9 laryngeal cartilages: 3 are unpaired (epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid) and 3 are paired (cuneiform, corniculate, and arytenoids)

60
Q

Epiglottis cartilage

A

above the rima glotidis, gives flexibility to epiglottis, made of elastic cartilage, covered by mucus, unpaired laryngeal cartilage

61
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

largest of all laryngeal cartilage, laryngeal prominence = adam’s apple, there’re 2 superior and 2 inferior horns and where the muscles and membranes attach is the lamina, unpaired laryngeal cartilage

62
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

only complete encircling cartilage of the larynx, unpaired laryngeal cartilage

63
Q

Cuneiform cartilage

A

wedge, small nodules in aryepligottic folds, paired laryngeal cartilage

64
Q

Corniculate cartilage

A

horn, small nodules in aryepiglottic folds, paired laryngeal cartilage

65
Q

Arytenoids cartilage

A

laddle, vocal cords and processes attach here therefore it’s important in vocalization, paired laryngeal cartilage

66
Q

Ligament vs membrane

A

ligament is made of dense connective tissue that connect bone to bone, cartilage to bone, and cartilage to cartilage; membrane is a thin sheet of a mix of epithelial and connective tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity

67
Q

Thyohyoid ligament

A

thickened part of the thyohyoid membrane that connects the thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone

68
Q

Thyohyoid membrane

A

attaches superior border of thyroid to hyoid bone

69
Q

Cricothyroid ligament

A

attaches thyroid cartilage to cricoid cartilage

70
Q

Cricotracheal ligament

A

attaches cricoid cartilage to tracheal rings

71
Q

Laryngeal muscles

A

extrinsic laryngeal muscles include infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles; intrinsic laryngeal muscles

72
Q

Infrahyoid muscles

A

below the hyoid, outside the larynx, helps keep cartilages in place, move the larynx as a unit, an extrinsic laryngeal muscle, includes sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, and thyrohyoid

73
Q

Suprahyoid muscles

A

hod the larynx in place, an extrinsic laryngeal muscle, includes mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid, and digastric

74
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

are all inside the larynx, tension adjusters of vocal ligaments (abduct and adduct vocal folds), there are many of them

75
Q

Nerves that innervate the layrnx

A

superior laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal nerve, left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves

76
Q

Superior laryngeal nerve

A

branch of carnial nerve X, supplies sensory and motor to extrinsic laryngeal muscles

77
Q

Inferior laryngeal nerve

A

branch of cranial nerve X, motor nerve for intrinsic laryngeal muscles, if someone’s injured and cannot speak this nerve is damaged, a continuation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

78
Q

Left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve pathway

A

the left recurrent laryngeal never is superficial to the aorta as it moves caudally but then goes behind the aorta moving back cornonally towards the larynx. the right recurrent lyngreal nerve is superficial to the right subclavian as it moves caudally but then goes behind it as it moves coronally towards the larynx; this is how the pathway is due to development, the heart begins its development in the throat

79
Q

Compare the lymphatic system to the circulatory system

A

unlike the circulatory system which is a two way flow system with veins and arteries delivering blood to locations and taking blood from the same locations, the lymphatic system moves circulatory system fluid that leaks into the tissues into lymphatic ducts and then dumps it back into the circulatory system via the superior vena cava. this will prevent the return of microorganisms that will be filtered out as well as preventing the movement of fluid back into the interstitial tissue thus countering its job.

80
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

a major somatic nerve network made of ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-C8 andT1 that will regulate voluntary muscles of the upper limb and pectoral girdle. Supplying them motion, sensory, and sympathetic nerve fibers.

81
Q

Rami

A

roots; where the nerves originate from the spinal chord at C5-8 and T1

82
Q

Trunk

A

ventral rami converge to form the superior, middle, and inferior trunks

83
Q

Divisions

A

each trunk will divide into a division that corresponds to its location either as anterior or posterior

84
Q

Cords

A

where divisions of each location unite to form the posterior, medial, and lateral cord

85
Q

Branches

A

the nerves of the brachial plexus that will arise from one or more cord whose names indicate their positions relative to the axillary artery

86
Q

Bronchi development

A

the primary bronchi and their branches form the bronchial tree. each primary bronchus divides to form secondary bronchi, known as lobular bronchi. secondary bronchi branch and form tertiary bronchi

87
Q

Parietal vs visceral pleura

A

parietal pleura covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extends over the diaphragm and mediastinum while the visceral pleura covers the outer surfaces of the lungs, extending into the fissures between the lobes

88
Q

Mediastinum

A

It is everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs and pleura that extends from the superior aperature of the thorax to the diaphragm and from the sternum to the anterior aspect of vertebrae bodies. it is a very mobile region with a lot of connective tissue and fat.

89
Q

Frontal plane

A

a plane that is oriented parallel to the long axis that separates anterior and posterior portions of the body

90
Q

Sagittal plane

A

a plane that is oriented parallel to the long axis that separates right and left portions

91
Q

Transverse plane

A

a plane that is oriented perpendicular to the long axis that separates superior and inferior portions of the body

92
Q

Superior mediastinum location

A

superior to the transverse thoracic plane, the heart, and the lungs

93
Q

Transverse thoracic plane

A

an imaginary border that runs from the sternal angle to between T4 and T5 vertebrae

94
Q

Superior mediastinum contents

A

thymus, great vessels (including the common carotid, brachiocephalic, and subclavian), trachea, esophogus, thoracic duct, lymphatic trunks, right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves, right and left vagus nerve, and right and left phrenic nerve

95
Q

Anterior mediastinum location

A

anterior to the heart, posterior to the sternum, and inferior to the transverse thoracic plane

96
Q

Anterior mediastinum contents

A

thymus, loose connective tissue, adipose, lymph nodes, branches of internal thoracic vessels

97
Q

Posterior mediastinum location

A

posterior to the heart, superior to the diaphragm, and inferior to the transverse thoracic plane, anterior to T5-12

98
Q

Posterior mediastinum contents

A

esophagus, thoracic aorta, azygous vein, hemiazygous vein, accessory azygous vein, thoracic duct, left and right vagus and phrenic nerves

99
Q

Middle mediastinum location

A

between the lungs, superior to the diaphragm

100
Q

Middle mediastinum contents

A

heart, vessels of the heart, pericardium

101
Q

Anterior Intercostal veins pathway

A

all of the anterior intercostal veins will dump into their respective left or right internal thoracic vein and then into their respective left or right brachiocephalic vein and then to the superior vena cava

102
Q

Distribution of the musculocutaneous nerve

A

anterior and posterior radial

103
Q

Distribution of the ulnar nerve

A

anterior side of the hand from the half of the ring finger to the pinkey; posterior side of the hand from the pinkey to part of the middle finger and half of the ring finger

104
Q

Distribution of the median nerve

A

anterior side of the hand from the half of the ring finger to the thumb; posterior side of the hand include the tips of the thumb, index, middle, and half of the ring finger

105
Q

Distribution of the radial nerve

A

posterior side of the forearm and the hand from the thumb to bottom half of the index and of the middle finger

106
Q

Vestibule boundaries

A

between aditus and vestibular folds

107
Q

Ventricle boundaries

A

depression extending laterally between vestibular and vocal folds

108
Q

Infraglottic cavity boundaries

A

between vocal folds and inferior border of cricoid cartilage

109
Q

Blood supply to larynx

A

superior and inferior laryngeal artery, branches of superior and inferior thyroid artery

Human Anatomy and Histology (9 decks)

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