Exam 1 Lecture Material Flashcards
What contributions did the Egyptians make to advance anatomy and surgery?
developed a writing system and recorded their findings; created surgical instruments from bronze including probes, saws, forceps, scalpels, and scissors; embalming techniques increased knowledge of major organs
Herophilus
father of anatomy; first to perform a human dissection and autopsy; first to differentiate nerves from blood vessels and discovered nerves conduct neural impulses; described salivary glands, liver, and pancreas; coined duodenum; best description of reproductive system and the anatomy of the eye
Aelius Galenus
authority of anatomy for 1400 years; dissections on the barbary maraque; clarified anatomy of the trachea; recognized difference between venous and arterial blood; investigated physiological activity; promoted the four humors theory and found that an imbalance of each humor corresponded with a particular human temperature and the temperatures would also have psychological descriptions of people at different temperatures
Why is 1315 important
the first official sanctioned human dissection occurred in Bologna since the Greeks
Barber-surgeon, ostensor, and professor roles
the professor would read form an authoritative text (usually galen), the ostensor would point to the part of the body to be dissected, and the barber-surgeon would perform the dissection
Why would “asking the wrong questions” hinder knowledge gain in anatomy?
in the past anatomy was studied in order to find God’s will. this stunted a gain in anatomical knowledge because anatomists would not be looking for diseases and other things that could lead to cures and thus advance anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
father of modern anatomy; first to do all three roles of human dissection, lived 1514-1564; very talented artist and wrote 7 books with great detailed anatomical drawings
Why was grave-robbing popular in the 18th and 19th centuries? What was the other main source of cadavers during this time and a bit later?
the need for cadavers increased but the willingness to donate was low due to in the past cadavers were from those who were executed criminals therefore students would grave rob
What is the purpose of an anatomical theatre? When were these popular?
anatomical theaters were built to hold large audiences to view human dissection; they began to be popular after the pope accepted human dissection for anatomical studies
Proximal
toward an attached base
Distal
away from an attached base
9 regions of the abdomen (top row to bottom row)
right hypochondriac; epigastic; left hypochondriac; right lateral; umbilical; left lateral; right inguinal; pubic; left inguinal
Abduction
movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane, with the exception of fingers and toes moving away from the central digit
Adduction
movement towards the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane, with the exception of fingers and toes moving towards the central digit
Circumduction
when a part of the body is moved successfully through first flexion, then abduction, then extension, and lastly adduction; you can start at any point but you need to go through the order; seen with arms, legs, and fingers
Flexion
a movement in the anterior-posterior plane that reduces the angle between the articulating elements
Extension
a movement in the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating elements
Rotation
movement of a part along its long axis without displacement of its long axis; includes supination, pronation, eversion, and inversion
Eversion
twisting motion of the foot that turns the plantar surface facing out
Inversion
twisting motion of the foot that turns the plantar surface facing inwards
Protraction
moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane
Retraction
moving a part of the body posteriorly in the horizontal plane
Opposition
movement of the thumb that produces pad-to-pad contact of the thumb with the palm or any other finger
Reposition
movement of the thumb that removes pad-to-pad contact of the thumb with the palm or any other finger
Elevation
movement of the body in a superior direction
Depression
movement of the body in an inferior direction
Clavicle function
connects the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton, muscle attachment site, joint mobility site, transmits forces from upper limb to axial skeleton
Clavicle location in body
originates at the superolateral border of the manubrium of the sternum, lateral to the jugular notch; the acromial end curves laterally and dorsally until it articulates with the acromion of the scapula; it lies inferior to the skin
Dislocated shoulder versus separated shoulder
a separated shoulder is a tear of the acromioclavicle ligament while a dislocated shoulder is a tear in the glenohumeral ligament
Superficial fascia
loose connective tissue that separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs, ex/ pectoral fascia surrounds pec minor
Deep fascia
dense regular connective tissue, ex/ clavipectoral surrounds the subclavius
Breast tissue
modified sweat glands made of stratified columnar epithelium and subcutaneous tissue of pectoral fat and glandular tissue
Anatomy of the breast
lobes (a collection of lobules) lead to lactiferous ducts which expand into lactiferous sinus near the nipple which they will then open to the surface of the nipple; there’re around 15-20 nipple openings; the lobes are bound together by connective tissue septa, which subdivide the adipose making the breast look smoother, and suspending ligaments also known as cooper’s ligaments which prevent breast ptosis but is made of collagen
Lymph
clear, colorless liquid from blood plasma made of plasma proteins and lymphocytes; found everywhere but the brain, bone marrow, epithelium, and cartilage
Lymph function
removes excess fluid from interstitial space and filters microorganisms
True rib
rib that’s directly connected to sternum via costal cartilages; 7 pairs
False rib
rib that’s not directly connected to sternum; 5 pairs; 2 of them are floating and 3 of them merge into the cartilage of rib 7
Rotator Cuff
4 muscles connecting the humerus and body that gives support and strengthens the joint capsule throughout a wide range of motion
Nerves that innervate the rotator cuff
suprascapular (superspinatus and infraspinatus), axillary (teres minor), and subscapular (subscapularis)
Anastomoses and example
where arteries coming from different connect; ex/ posterior and anterior intercostal arteries
Colateral circulation
blood supply to an organ/tissue via many different pathways for blood to reach it
Colateral circulation and blood occlusions
this is good in case of occlusions but it takes a while for angiogenesis therefore it won’t save you from immediate danger
Arterial blood supply pathway to arm
aorta to brachiocephalic, from the brachiocephalic to the inferior border of the first rib it is the subclavian, after the 1st rib to the inferior border of the teres major it is known as axillary artery and after the inferior border of teres major it is known as the brachial artery, the brachial artery then splits into the ulnar and radial artery
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
inflammation within the sheath surrounding the flexor tendons of the palm leads to compression of the median
Venous blood supply pathway to arm
the cephalic, basilic, radial, and ulnar veins starts at the wrist; the cephalic vein will dumps into the axillary vein and the median cubital vein, the median cubital vein will then dump into the basilic vein which will become the axillary vein once it passes the inferior border of teres major, both the ulnar and radial vein meet at the brachial vein which will also dump into the axillary vein. the axillary vein will then dump into the subclavian vein at the clavicle/first rib which will then dump into the brachiocephalic vein and finally the superior vena cava
Flexor retinaculum
band of deep fascia that makes the top of the tunnel and the carpals make the bottom
Sternal angle
aka manebrosternal joint will protrude outwards, it is where the manebrium and the body of the sternum meet
Xiphistrenal joint
occurs at rib 7, where the body of the sternal and xiphoid process meet
Arteries of the thorax region pathway
right internal thoracic artery branches off of right subclavian artery; left internal thoracic artery branches off of the left subclavian artery at the root of the neck; the anterior intercostal artery branches off the left internal thoracic artery and the right internal thoracic artery; posterior intercostal artery runs off of the thoracic aorta and is more posterior than the anterior intercostal artery
Posterior Intercostal Veins of the thorax region pathway
the first right intercostal vein drains into the right brachiocephalic vein which will dump into the superior vena cava, the 2-12 right intercostal veins will drain into the axygous vein which will then dump into the superior vena cava; 1-4 left intercostal veins will drain into the accessory hemiazygous which will then drain into the left brachiocephalic vein (the accessory hemiazygous is superior to the 1st cross over), 5-8 left intercostal veins will drain into the accessory hemiazygous and then the azygous, 9-12 left intercostal veins drain into the azygous via hemiazygous
Characteristics of cartilage and smooth muscle articulation with the lungs
as you go down the bronchiole tree the amount of cartilage (used to keep the airway open) decreases and at the bronchioles level and below there’s no cartilage; the amount of elastin and smooth muscle increases as you go down the bronchiole tree in order to provide the lungs with elasticity to get air out
Lung lobe structure
right lung has 3 lobes: superior (3 lobules), middle (2 lobules), and inferior (5 lobes); the left lung has 2 lobes: superior (5 lobules) and inferior (5 lobules)
Root of the lung
will connect the lung to the mediastinum; contains pulmonary artery and vein, primary bronchii, bronchiole vessels, nerves, lymphatics
What anchors the lung
root of the lung and the pulmonary ligament
Boundaries of the aditus
aditus is the opening, the superior border of the aditus is the superior border of the epiglottis, the aryepligottic folds are the lateral border, the interarytenoid fold is the inferior and posterior border
Cavities of the larynx
extend from the aditus to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage; includes vestibule, ventricle, and infroglottic cavity
Glottis
vocal folds and the slit between them (rima glottidis)
False vocal cords
vestibular folds, prevent liquid from entering the lungs
Cartilage of the larynx
there’re 9 laryngeal cartilages: 3 are unpaired (epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid) and 3 are paired (cuneiform, corniculate, and arytenoids)
Epiglottis cartilage
above the rima glotidis, gives flexibility to epiglottis, made of elastic cartilage, covered by mucus, unpaired laryngeal cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
largest of all laryngeal cartilage, laryngeal prominence = adam’s apple, there’re 2 superior and 2 inferior horns and where the muscles and membranes attach is the lamina, unpaired laryngeal cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
only complete encircling cartilage of the larynx, unpaired laryngeal cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
wedge, small nodules in aryepligottic folds, paired laryngeal cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
horn, small nodules in aryepiglottic folds, paired laryngeal cartilage
Arytenoids cartilage
laddle, vocal cords and processes attach here therefore it’s important in vocalization, paired laryngeal cartilage
Ligament vs membrane
ligament is made of dense connective tissue that connect bone to bone, cartilage to bone, and cartilage to cartilage; membrane is a thin sheet of a mix of epithelial and connective tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity
Thyohyoid ligament
thickened part of the thyohyoid membrane that connects the thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
Thyohyoid membrane
attaches superior border of thyroid to hyoid bone
Cricothyroid ligament
attaches thyroid cartilage to cricoid cartilage
Cricotracheal ligament
attaches cricoid cartilage to tracheal rings
Laryngeal muscles
extrinsic laryngeal muscles include infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles; intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Infrahyoid muscles
below the hyoid, outside the larynx, helps keep cartilages in place, move the larynx as a unit, an extrinsic laryngeal muscle, includes sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, and thyrohyoid
Suprahyoid muscles
hod the larynx in place, an extrinsic laryngeal muscle, includes mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid, and digastric
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
are all inside the larynx, tension adjusters of vocal ligaments (abduct and adduct vocal folds), there are many of them
Nerves that innervate the layrnx
superior laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal nerve, left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves
Superior laryngeal nerve
branch of carnial nerve X, supplies sensory and motor to extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Inferior laryngeal nerve
branch of cranial nerve X, motor nerve for intrinsic laryngeal muscles, if someone’s injured and cannot speak this nerve is damaged, a continuation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve pathway
the left recurrent laryngeal never is superficial to the aorta as it moves caudally but then goes behind the aorta moving back cornonally towards the larynx. the right recurrent lyngreal nerve is superficial to the right subclavian as it moves caudally but then goes behind it as it moves coronally towards the larynx; this is how the pathway is due to development, the heart begins its development in the throat
Compare the lymphatic system to the circulatory system
unlike the circulatory system which is a two way flow system with veins and arteries delivering blood to locations and taking blood from the same locations, the lymphatic system moves circulatory system fluid that leaks into the tissues into lymphatic ducts and then dumps it back into the circulatory system via the superior vena cava. this will prevent the return of microorganisms that will be filtered out as well as preventing the movement of fluid back into the interstitial tissue thus countering its job.
Brachial Plexus
a major somatic nerve network made of ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-C8 andT1 that will regulate voluntary muscles of the upper limb and pectoral girdle. Supplying them motion, sensory, and sympathetic nerve fibers.
Rami
roots; where the nerves originate from the spinal chord at C5-8 and T1
Trunk
ventral rami converge to form the superior, middle, and inferior trunks
Divisions
each trunk will divide into a division that corresponds to its location either as anterior or posterior
Cords
where divisions of each location unite to form the posterior, medial, and lateral cord
Branches
the nerves of the brachial plexus that will arise from one or more cord whose names indicate their positions relative to the axillary artery
Bronchi development
the primary bronchi and their branches form the bronchial tree. each primary bronchus divides to form secondary bronchi, known as lobular bronchi. secondary bronchi branch and form tertiary bronchi
Parietal vs visceral pleura
parietal pleura covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extends over the diaphragm and mediastinum while the visceral pleura covers the outer surfaces of the lungs, extending into the fissures between the lobes
Mediastinum
It is everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs and pleura that extends from the superior aperature of the thorax to the diaphragm and from the sternum to the anterior aspect of vertebrae bodies. it is a very mobile region with a lot of connective tissue and fat.
Frontal plane
a plane that is oriented parallel to the long axis that separates anterior and posterior portions of the body
Sagittal plane
a plane that is oriented parallel to the long axis that separates right and left portions
Transverse plane
a plane that is oriented perpendicular to the long axis that separates superior and inferior portions of the body
Superior mediastinum location
superior to the transverse thoracic plane, the heart, and the lungs
Transverse thoracic plane
an imaginary border that runs from the sternal angle to between T4 and T5 vertebrae
Superior mediastinum contents
thymus, great vessels (including the common carotid, brachiocephalic, and subclavian), trachea, esophogus, thoracic duct, lymphatic trunks, right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves, right and left vagus nerve, and right and left phrenic nerve
Anterior mediastinum location
anterior to the heart, posterior to the sternum, and inferior to the transverse thoracic plane
Anterior mediastinum contents
thymus, loose connective tissue, adipose, lymph nodes, branches of internal thoracic vessels
Posterior mediastinum location
posterior to the heart, superior to the diaphragm, and inferior to the transverse thoracic plane, anterior to T5-12
Posterior mediastinum contents
esophagus, thoracic aorta, azygous vein, hemiazygous vein, accessory azygous vein, thoracic duct, left and right vagus and phrenic nerves
Middle mediastinum location
between the lungs, superior to the diaphragm
Middle mediastinum contents
heart, vessels of the heart, pericardium
Anterior Intercostal veins pathway
all of the anterior intercostal veins will dump into their respective left or right internal thoracic vein and then into their respective left or right brachiocephalic vein and then to the superior vena cava
Distribution of the musculocutaneous nerve
anterior and posterior radial
Distribution of the ulnar nerve
anterior side of the hand from the half of the ring finger to the pinkey; posterior side of the hand from the pinkey to part of the middle finger and half of the ring finger
Distribution of the median nerve
anterior side of the hand from the half of the ring finger to the thumb; posterior side of the hand include the tips of the thumb, index, middle, and half of the ring finger
Distribution of the radial nerve
posterior side of the forearm and the hand from the thumb to bottom half of the index and of the middle finger
Vestibule boundaries
between aditus and vestibular folds
Ventricle boundaries
depression extending laterally between vestibular and vocal folds
Infraglottic cavity boundaries
between vocal folds and inferior border of cricoid cartilage
Blood supply to larynx
superior and inferior laryngeal artery, branches of superior and inferior thyroid artery
