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PHRM 502: Foundations II > Exam 1: Lecture I > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture I Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

study of the biological function of an

organism/tissue/cell

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2
Q

Pathophysiology

A

study of an organism/tissue/cell in a state of disease or injury

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3
Q

Comparative patho/physiology

A

differences between species

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4
Q

Order of system of cells

A

Cells > Tissues > Organ system > Organism

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5
Q

The “Cell Theory”

A

Each cell has a unique pattern of gene expression. The
selective combination of expressed genes and their
expression levels determines a cell’s properties

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6
Q

Is it possible to have identical DNA but different properties

A

Yes, people have the same genes

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7
Q

What causes cells in the body to have different tasks from each other, yet still have the same DNA?

A

Gene expression

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8
Q

Extracellular environment is composed of

A

extracellular matrix + interstitial fluid

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9
Q

What is ECM?

A

ECM are protein fibers (collagen, elastin) & ground substance (amorphous gel)

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10
Q

Interstitial fluid

A
  • traffics O2, nutrients, hormones to cells
  • removes CO2,
    wastes
  • continuously formed from blood plasma
  • continuously returned to
    plasma
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11
Q

Cells are embedded

A

in the ECM

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12
Q

Cell –

A

ECM interactions through integrins and dystroglycan important for structure
and signaling

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13
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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14
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

many kinds, simple (one layer) & multilayer.

Endothelium vs epithelium

  • Helps to protect body
  • Lines many passages inside the body
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15
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Composed of dendrites, an axon, a cell body and supporting cells
-Important for the CNS

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16
Q

Connective Tissues

A
  • large amounts of extracellular

material (proteins or fluid). - Includes extracellular matrix, adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, bone, teeth, tendon

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17
Q

Why do we need so many systems and

tissue types??

A

To be able to respond to external and internal

perturbations to maintain a “normal” state

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18
Q

Homeostasis

A

“maintaining constancy of the internal environment”

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19
Q

3 parts of Homeostasis

A
  1. Sensors
  2. Integrating center
  3. Effector systems
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20
Q

Sensors

A

monitor important parameters

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21
Q

Integrating center

A

receive input from sensors,

recognize changes from set point, control effectors

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22
Q

Effector systems

A

implement actions to restore set

point

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23
Q

Example of “regulated” parameters

A

respiration and heart rate (pCO2, pH)

  • blood flow
  • temperature
  • blood glucose
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24
Q

Negative feedback

A

Brings response back to original set point

“a state of dynamic constancy”

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25
Q

Examples of Negative feedback

A
  1. Body temperature ( shivering/sweating)
  2. Blood glucose
  3. Blood pressure
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26
Q

In depth Blood Glucose:

After eating

A
  1. Blood glucose rises
  2. Activation of Pancreatic islets (of langerhans)
  3. Insulin increases
  4. Cellular uptake of glucose increases
  5. Blood glucose decreases

Insulin is effecter

27
Q

In depth Blood Glucose:

Fasting

A
  1. Blood glucose lowers
  2. Activation of pancreatic islets
  3. Insulin decreases
  4. Glucagon increases
  5. Cellular uptake of glucose
  6. Glucose secretion into blood by liver
  7. Blood glucose increases
28
Q

In depth blood pressure

A

Lying down

  1. Blood pressure falls when you stand up (stimulus)
  2. Blood pressure receptors respond ( sensor)

Medulla oblongata of brain is the integrating center

  1. Heart rate increases ( effector)
  2. Rise in blood pressure ( negative feedback response)
29
Q

Positive Feedback

A

In rare cases: a positive feedback cascade may restore homeostasis.

  • Pushes farther away from set point
30
Q

Example of positive feedback

A

Perturbation = bleeding injury: Blood clotting

-Childbirth

31
Q

Blood clotting in depth

A
  • injury attracts a few
    platelets (blood cells for clotting).
    • these platelets release factors that attract many MORE platelets (positive
    feedback) and other proteins to form clot.
    • net result: injury is blocked by platelet clot, prevents further loss of blood
    to restore homeostasis
32
Q

Gap junctions

A

Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.

  • Local
  • Specificity depends on anatomic location:The heart
33
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.

  • Specificity depends on anatomic location and receptors
  • We release a molecule in one direction to another
  • Is a form of cell communication in that neurons signal each other through synapses
34
Q

Paracrine

A

Release from a cell and acts on cells nearby

- Ex: Nitric Oxide- Passes through other cells to eventually raise blood levels

35
Q

Autocrine

A

Release from a cells and acts on the same cell

36
Q

Endocrine

A

Releases into the blood and travels throughout the body and can act on any site

37
Q

If blood glucose falls to low
A. the medulla oblongata is stimulated to release insulin
B. pancreatic islet cells are stimulated to release glucagon
C. the liver is stimulated to take up glucose
D. blood glucose increases by positive feedback

A

B. pancreatic islet cells are stimulated to release glucagon

  • the liver would be stimulated to release glucose to bring blood sugar back up
  • blood glucose increases by negative not positive feedback
38
Q

Two ways for a cell to receive outside inputs despite membrane barrier
Method 1

A

Membrane-permeable (lipid soluble) signaling molecule

  • can cross directly into the cell and it binds to the receptors which are inside the cell or nucleus
  • Ex: Steroids like testosterone, aldosterone, estrogen
39
Q

Two ways for a cell to receive outside inputs despite membrane barrier
Method 2

A 
Receptors bind signaling molecule
outside the cell.
-Binding of signaling molecule →
change in receptor conformation
-Shape change activates second
messenger signal
-Second messenger(s) change
activities of cell
  • can’t cross plasma membrane so there must be a surface receptor which will then interact with 2nd messengers which are inside the cell. This causes effects to happen
  • Ex; GPCR and Ligand gated ion channels
40
Q

The Action Potential

A

The active propagation of a
membrane depolarization along the surface of
an excitable cell.
- channels open and close to move excitation

41
Q

Action potential is essential for

A 
function of excitable cells. Ex: neurons, cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle
myocytes
42
Q

Membrane potential

A

a measure of charge inside the

cell relative to outside.

43
Q

Depolarization

A

cell membrane potential is MORE POSITIVE than rest (MORE EXCITABLE)
- inside the cell is more positive than outside

44
Q

Repolarization

A 
cell membrane potential is returning
to rest (usually from depolarization)
45
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

cell membrane potential is MORE
NEGATIVE than rest (LESS excitable)
- inside the cell is more negative than the outside

46
Q

Our plasma membrane is

A

a lipid bilayer which is hydrophobic
No ion can cross membrane by itself

  • Membranes excludes and separates individual ion species
47
Q

Electrical Potential

Electrical gradient

A

Difference in net charge at
inner & outer face
- Charge of outside relative to inside

48
Q

Chemical gradient

concentration gradient

A

Difference in net concentration of an ion

49
Q

Energy favors ion flow

A

down concentration gradient from high to low

50
Q

Chemical gradients

A

Stored energy

  • Cell uses energy ( ATP) to pump ions to create gradient (slow)
  • Cell then uses energy from gradient to drive other processes (fast or slow)
51
Q

Abbreviation for membrane potential

A

Em

- difference in voltage across membrane

52
Q

How can membrane potential exist?

A

By convention
outside= 0 mV
- measure inside relative to outside
- Em = -70 mV, then inside is 70 mV more negative than outside

53
Q

Which ions have a high concentration OUTSIDE the cell?

A

NA+, K+, Ca 2+

54
Q

Which ions have a high concentration INSIDE the cell?

A

Cl-

55
Q

Na/K pump

A

Helps to maintain Na+ and K+ chemical gradients

  • 3Na+ out, 2 K+ in per 1 ATP
56
Q

K+ channel (leak)

A

Passive K+ flow sets membrane potential (Em) near -70 mV

  • Open channel which constantly leaks out K+
57
Q

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Close/Inactivated

A

Channel conformation
blocks ion passage
through pore

58
Q

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Open

A

aqueous pore spans entire
membrane, ions can
transit pore

59
Q

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Activation

A 
Focus on depolarization gated channels
• Membrane depolarization
→ conformational change
→ opens pore → ions
transit channel
60
Q

Na channels have a ____ activation whereas K channels have a ____

A

Fast, slow

61
Q

Action Potential diagram

A

Rising (Upstroke- Na+ enters)

Falling ( Downstroke- K+ exits

62
Q

Axon Initial Segment (AIS)

A

site of action potential generation

-ion channels concentrated at AIS

63
Q

What is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR)?

A

Largest family of membrane receptors
• Many diverse families of GPCR
• 7 transmembrane domains
• Extracellular stimulus/signaling molecule binds to GPCR outside cell
• GPCRs form a complex with G proteins inside cell
• G proteins are a heterotrimer of G protein α, β, and γ subunits
• Stimulation of GPCR causes Gα and Gβγ to depart receptor and activate
separate signaling cascades.
• Uses GTP for energy

64
Q

What are the two most important factors in determining resting membrane potential?

A

Na/K pump and K leak channels

PHRM 502: Foundations II (9 decks)

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