Exam 1- Lecture Content Flashcards
Keytruda: What is it?
- A monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug
- How is Keytruda effective?
o Its molecular target: PD-1 (programmed death receptor protein 1) expressed by immune cells.
o PD-L1/PD-L2: two ligands of PD-1 receptor
o Immune checkpoint
Top cancers (males) %
- Prostate – 26
- Lung and bronchus – 12
- Colon and rectum – 8
Top cancers (females) %
- Breast – 30
- Lung and bronchus – 13
- Colon and rectum – 8
Incidence rates - males
o Decreasing – lung, colon and rectum
o Stable – urinary bladder
o Increasing – melanoma
Incidence rates - females
o Decreasing – colon and rectum since 80’s, lung since mid 2000’s
o Stable – uterine
o Increasing – melanoma, thyroid
Lifetime probability of developing cancer - males
- Males: lifetime risk – 40.5%
- all sites – 1 in 2
- prostate – 1 in 8
Lifetime probability of developing cancer - females
- Females: lifetime risk – 38.9%
o All sites – 1 in 3
o Breast – 1 in 8
What is the top for sites for cancer death?
Males – 319,000 – 50%
o Lung and bronchus – 22
o Prostate – 11
o Colon and rectum – 9
o Pancreas – 8
Females – 289,000 – 53%
o Lung and bronchus – 22
o Breast – 15
o Colon and rectum – 8
o Pancreas – 8
Can cancer cells co-exist w/ normal cells in a microenvironment?
yes
- How are cancer cells influenced by the microenvironment?
o When a tumor cell grows uncontrollably – uses the microenvironemtn to grow faster and spread, making more tumors.
o Components of the microenvironment interact w/ each other an w/ the tumor to enable cancer to grow.
How do cancer cells influence normal cells?
o Cancer cells shed tiny rna that can transform healthy cells into cancerous.
o They invade healthy cells and make them cancerous
o Normal cell cycle – grow, divide, die
o Cancer – grow, divide, reproduce
Nucleus
DNA and RNA synthesis
Plasma membrane
defining the extent of a cell - controls what exits and enters the cell
Golgi apparatus
secretion/ transportation of large molecules
