Exam 1: Lecture 7: Reproduction / Sporting / working dogs Flashcards
Define the nutritional goal for gestation
Support both mothers health and optimal fetal development
- ideally a diet plan is formulated before estrus / planned breeding
What are the 4 steps to a nutrition assessment?
- Assess the patient / animal
- Assess the current and prior diet
- Assess the feeding management
- Repeat as needed
What is the current target BCS for reproduction animals
5/9 to 6/9
- 4/9 for an athletic bitch
T/F: Before breeding you want to decrease their BCS?
False, you want to improve their BCS
- there are consequences of being underweight during gestation + pregnancy
Do the following fit under or over feeding?
- Decreased fertility
- lower % of preganancy
- smaller litter size
- Low birth rate
- Increased neonatal morbidity
- reduced milk yield
- reduced immunity
- reduced response to vaccine
underfeeding
Do the following fit under or over feeding?
- Reduced fertility
- reduced ovulation
- increased interestrous intervals, anestrus
- smaller littler size
- long term Neo-natal health consequenes
- mastitis
overfeeding
The following descriptions fit which condition?
- Longer gestation
- Lower chance of spontaneous onset of labor at birth
- Increased risk of c-section
- increased risk of stillbirth
- increased risk of gestational diabetes
- infant mortatlity
- childhood obesity
Maternal obesity in Humans
T/F: Water should be free choice potable + palatable
true
Normal amount of water given to an animal should be 60 ml/kg BW or more per day during maintenance. How much should this increase during lactation in dogs
2 - 3x
120 ml/kg BW or more per day
BW should increase ______ from breeding to whelping in dogs
15-25%
During gestation nutrient requirements increase by how much in dogs?
25-50%
Feed a gestation/ lactation diet (puppy food) at ____ weeks gestation
- energy and most nutrient requirements similar to adult maintenance during 1st 4 weeks
4 weeks gestation
T/F: Weight gain is more common in large litter sizes during lactation?
False, they tend to lost more weight with larger litter sizes
How much meals should a dam receive during lactation in dogs?
3+ meals / day or feed ad lib (free choice)
What values are used to calculate gestation energy requirements during EARLY gestation in dogs?
Early gestation = RER x 1.8 - 2
What values are used to calculate gestation energy requirements during LATE gestation in dogs?
Late gestation = RER x 2.2 to 3.5
What values are used to calculate lactation energy requirements in dogs?
Lacation = RER x 1.9 or 25% per puppy
EX:
- RER x 3 (1 puppy)
- RER x 4 (3-4 puppies)
EX:
50lb bitch
4 puppies / feti
RER = 729 kcal
- Calculate early gestation energy requirements in dogs.
DER = 1312 kcal to 1457 kcal
3.4 to 3.8 cups of puppy food with 384 kcal/cup
EX:
50lb bitch
4 puppies / feti
RER = 729 kcal
- Calculate late gestation energy requirements for this dam.
DER = 1603 to 2550 kcal / cup
4.2 to 6.6 cups of puppy food with 384 kcal/cup
EX:
50lb bitch
4 puppies / feti
RER = 729 kcal
- Calculate lactation energy requirements for this dam.
DER = 1384 + 1384 = 2768 kcal/cup
7.2 cups of puppy food with 384 kcal/cup
In Queens, BW should increase _____ from breeding to queening
15-40%
- need to prepare for lactation as queens cannot eat enough to meet energy needs during lactation
What type of diet should be feed to a feline at breeding?
gestation/lactation
- dry or wet doesnt matter, as long as they are eating and getting water
Do queens eat more or less in late gestation compared to early gestation
they eat less in late gestation compared to early gestation
What values do you use to obtain energy requirements for the qeen during gestation
Start with RER x 1.6 then increase to RER x 2.0 later in gestation
AAFCO bases their protein information/data on ______ requirements
NRC
- maybe too low for the lactating queen compared to other studies
Protein deficiencies in the Dam include?
- reduced weight gain in the dam
- small litter size
- reduced birth weights (reduced intrauterine growth)
- Reduced immunity
- Increased morbidity / mortality rates in neonates
is fat, protein or carbohydrates the most energy dense - meaning it needs to be high whn voluntary diet is low
fat
Is the following needed for cats, dogs, or both?
- Linoleic acid
both
Is the following needed for cats, dogs, or both?
- Arachidonic acid
cats only
Is the following needed for cats, dogs, or both?
- Alpha linolenic acid
dogs only
What is the importance of EPA + DHA for offpsring
- DHA for fet/offspring retinal/neuro development
T/F: non-fiber carohydrates are not recognized by the NRC or AAFCO
true
_____% metabolized energy (ME) comes from non-fiber carbohydrates?
20-30%
The following is due to a deficiency in what type of metabolizable energy?
- Dam hypoglycemia
(the bitch has reduced ability to respond to hypoglycemia) - increase still birth + perinatal mortality
- decreased mothering behavior
- Decreased milk quality and length of lactation
Non-fiber carbohydrates
T/F: its okay to have low carb diets?
False!!! AVOID LOW CARB DIETS
The following is due to a deficiency in ?
- tetany (eclampsia) in the bitch
Calcium - hypocalcemia
What are the risk factors for hypocalcemia?
- Small breeds (20kg)
- Large litters
(rapid fetal development in last 20 days + starting lactation) - Post whelping / lactation
- Anorexia / hyporexia prior to whelping
- Inappropriate diet prior to whelping
(do not feed excessive amount of calcium during gestation + NO supplements)
if mild signs of hypocalcemia and no clinical signs, then how do you fix the problem?
- feed life stage appropiate meals
- multiply small meals
- Palatants
If you have clinical signs of hypocalcemia, then what do you do?
- medical management (oral or parenteral Ca)
- +/- wean the offspring
Do you want to avoid small or large breed puppy food (generally) during hypocalcemia?
- or ensure it is substantiated for gestation/lacation
- Lower in Ca
Large breed
A deficiency in Folic acid (micronutrient) can cause?
cleft palate
A deficiency in zinc (micronutrient) can cause?
- fetal reabsorption
- Small litters
A deficiency in iron (micronutrient) can cause?
reduced immunity - vaccine response
A deficiency in B vitamins (micronutrient) can cause?
Reduced immunity - vaccine response
Excess of Vitamin A (retinal, not beta carotene) (micronutrient) can cause?
- congenital abnormalities
- Altered bone remodeling (DOD)
- Small litters
How can you proactive when talking to breeders and new puppy parents?
Ask what they are feeding
What type of feed is fed the most
- commercial
- raw HMD
- raw commercial
- Cooked HMD
commercials
- they go in order from the most to least fed as they appear in the question
______% of dog breeders fed the same diet for maintenance and gestation/lactation
79%
______% of dog breeders added supplements during lactation during gestation / lactation
61%
______% of dog breeders included diet recommendations to clients (breeder contracts)
97%
Is dry or canned food more energy dense based on a as fed basis
dry food is more energy dense than canned
Will queens eat more or less canned food in general to meet energy requirements
more
T/F: give multiple small meals to the dam during gestation
true
Overfeeding during lactation may cause?
mastitis
What are examples of caregiver lifestyles in feeding management?
feeder
What are examples of the environment during feeding management
competition and stress
Palatants for pre-whelping / queening may include?
Puppy/itten weaning ______ is common, but transitioning puppies/kittens to solid feed reduced the risk of?
diarrhea
The following diet is an example of?
What types of monitoring should be done for pregnant/lactating animals?
- Weekly
- BW
- BCS
- MCS
- Intake (plan for reduction in intake days before whlpeing / queening)
What are the goals in feeding sporting and working dogs?
provide energy and nutrients for intended activites
avoid over and under feeding
optimize performance
List some actvities that you should focus on when working with sporting and working dogs nutrition
intensity
duration
frequency
Environment
What values are needed to calculate typical energy intake for sporting and working dogs?
RER x 2.0 - 8.0 (depends on the level of activity)
What is the number 1 nutrient that you should provide to sporting and working dogs?
Extra water
- hydration status affects performance
Which nutrient do you often increase compared to normal diets in sporting and working dogs
dietary fate
What nutrient do you sometimes decrease in higher fat diets and sprints or “bursts” of activity required adequate _____ for quick energy
Dietary carbohydrates
Is dietary protein related to energy needs in sporting and working dogs
no
How many hours should you feed a Sportin/working dog before an activity
4 hours or more before activity
After completion on a activity when should you feed Sportin/working dogs?
within 2 hours on completion
Sportin/working dogs breeder, handlers, and owners may feed raw meat. What is the concerns with this diet?
- can be more digestable - low fiber = low “filling”
- food safety concerns
- common in sled dogs, previously common in racing greyhounds
