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MICROM 410 > Exam 1 Lecture 5-7 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Lecture 5-7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is necessary for growth/maintenance of prokaryotes?

A
  1. reducing power
  2. biochemical energy
  3. electrochemical energy
  4. 12 key organic precursor molecules
  5. A source of C1 (methyl) groups
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2
Q

Which molecules have good reducing power?

A

NAD+/NADH; NADP+/NADPH; FAD+/FADH; FMN+/FMNH

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3
Q

Biochemical energy usually found as:

A

ATP

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4
Q

What is electrochemical energy?

A

Energy stored as a proton gradient; proton motive force

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5
Q

Why are the 12 key organic precursor molecules important?

A

They are the building blocks for biological polymers.

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6
Q

What is the main source of C1/methyl groups?

A

S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)

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7
Q

Chemoorganotrophy

A

energy produced by breaking down organic compounds (catabolism)
- ex = humans!

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8
Q

Chemolithotrophy

A

energy produced by oxidizing inorganic compounds like H2, NH4+, H2S

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9
Q

Phototrophy

A

Energy produced by harvesting light

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10
Q

Respiratory

A

Energy generated through an electron transport chain located in the cell membrane that surrounds the cell, which participates in a series of Redox reactions.
- Aerobic (O2) vs Anaerobic (NO3, SO4, etc)

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11
Q

Fermentative

A

Oxidation of organic compounds directly coupled to ATP production

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12
Q

Important Energy-Rich molecules in Biological systems

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), ATP, G6P, Acetyl-CoA, Acetyl phosphate

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13
Q

Examples of high energy bonds

A

Thioester bond, Anhydride bond

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14
Q

Reduction Potential

A

The greater the distance between the donor and acceptor, the more energy generated (or required) by Redox reaction

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15
Q

Example of Great electron donor

A

Glucose, sulfate ion

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16
Q

Example of great electron acceptor

A

Fe3+, O2

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17
Q

NADH

A
  • Carries 2-3 times as much energy as ATP
  • Contains adenosine monophosphate ring
  • consumes 2H+ to make NADH
  • reaction requires energy input from food molecules
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18
Q

FAD

A
  • reduced by 2 electrons and 2 protons to make FADH2

- weaker electron donor than NADH

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19
Q

What does respiratory metabolism require?

A

Electron transport chain, e- donor, e- acceptor

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20
Q

What does respiratory metabolism generate?

A

PMF

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21
Q

The breakdown of organic compounds produces ____/____

A

NADH/FADH (chemoorganotrophy)

22
Q

Reaction centers for Electron Transport:

A

Flavoproteins, Iron-sulfur cluster; Cytochromes-porphyrin ring; Quinone

23
Q

Flavoprotein

A

Contains isoalloxazine ring (just like FAD does) which is the redox active part

24
Q

Fe/S proteins

A

4 cysteine residues can coordinate Fe via thiol groups (Fe = redox active)

25
Q

Cytochromes

A 
Porphyrin ring (just like heme structure)
- also coordinated iron, covalently linked to cysteins of cytochrome proteins
26
Q

Quinone

A

Non protein; hydrophobic; redox active groups part of ETC

27
Q

What happens when ETC is under highly acidic conditions?

A

ETC changes its complex 1 to instead have NDH-2; blocks extra H+ from entering to prevent membrane damage

28
Q

NDH-2 is a type of…

A

NADH dehydrogenase

29
Q

What happens when ETC is under low O2 conditions

A

ETC uses Cyt BD instead of Complex 4 to save O2

30
Q

True or false: energy yield using Cyt BD is the same as usin Complex 4

A

False. PMF is decreased due to no protons being released here. There is less energy yield with Cyt BD

31
Q

When O2 is gone, how does E. coli respond?

A

Uses Nitrate reductase complex for anaerobic respiration instead of complex 4. This is because terminal electron acceptor is now nitrate

32
Q

Is anaerobic respiration unique to prokaryotes?

A

Yes. Usually have alternative electron donors/acceptors

33
Q

How many protons are used to make ATP?

A

3

34
Q

Why is it important for ATP synthase to be reversible?

A

Helps to regulate PMF

35
Q

V. cholerae can use a. _____ to generate ATP

A

Na gradient. This bacteria usually found in environments with high Na conc.

36
Q

PMF is a sum of _____

A

pH and charge gradients

37
Q

What do chemolithotrophs use as a high energy substrate to generate PMF?

A

H2

38
Q

Once H2 is split to 2H+ and 2e- in chemolithotrophs, where do the e- go?

A

Through membrane into cell, used to reduce NAD+ to NADH inside the cell via cytoplasmic hydrogenase.

39
Q

H2 chemolithotrophs are common in ___ and ___

A

bacteria and archaea

40
Q

What is the terminal e- acceptor in chemolithotrophs?

A

O2

41
Q

What other substances, besides H2, can be used as inorganic substrates for ETC?

A

NH4+, NO2-, Fe2+, H2S

42
Q

True or false: obligate fermentors do not need to generate PMF in absence of ETC

A

False, still need PMF

43
Q

Why are peripheral pathways important in metabolism?

A

Environment changes quickly and bacteria have to adapt. Use peripheral pathways to break down other substrates to feed into central metabolic pathway

44
Q

Why do chemolithotrophs and phototrophs still have CMP pathways?

A

Needed to generate 12 precursor metabolites necessary for life

45
Q

Anapleurotic reactions

A

Used to bypass/reshape the CMP pathways

46
Q

During normal E. coli metabolism, does it use the entire TCA cycle?

A

No - it isn’t all needed. However, this means oxaloacetate has to be constantly made. PEP can be used to help maintain pool of oxaloacetate through AP reaction

47
Q

What if malate is the only growth medium available?

A

Malate can be converted to pyruvate and allow glycolysis to happen backwards. This helps to ensure all other of the 12 precursors are made

48
Q

Examples of anoxygenic photoautotrophs

A

Purple bacteria, Green S and non-S, heliobacteria

49
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

P870 (only one photosystem); uses bacteriochlorophyll A; uses only cyclic electron flow

50
Q

What is one main problem with purple bacteria (anoxygenic photosynthesis)?

A

P870* and Bph are very unstable; oxidation of Bph to form NAD(P)H can’t happen, and the quinones aren’t high energy enough. It has to use reverse electron flow

MICROM 410 (19 decks)

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