exam 1 - lecture 4 Flashcards
horses are ____ grazers
continuous
which bacteria in the colon is not a pathogen
Helicobacter equinus
what hormones control intake regulation
leptin
ghrelin - stimulate appetite
what is trituration
process ingesta to optimize digestion and absorption upon entry into the intestine
what allows liquids to depart the stomach without need for propulsive peristaltic contractions
thick circular musculature of pylorus
average gastric half emptying time for solid food
1.56 hr
half emptying time for liquid
10-74 min
half emptying time for liquid for foals
4-14 min
stomach will be empty of food in adult horse in
12 hr
where is the pH highest in the stomach
near the squamous portion
how does HCl secretion work
continuous
what stimulates HCl production
histamine
gastrin - cortisol
ACh
prostaglandins
what inhibits HCl production
somatostatin
2 forms of equine gastric ulcer syndrome
EGSD, EGGD
squamous and glandular disease
both can be in one patient
why do squamous ulcers develop
minimally protected from acid
normally covered with ingesta - unless not
what in humans is like EGSD
gerd
risk factors for EGSD
empty stomach, exercise on empty stomach, pyloric outflow obstruction
location for EGSD
lesser curvature at margo plicatus
why does EGGD happen
failure of normal protective mechanisms
causes unknown but H. pylori, NSAIDs and idiopathic are suspected
treatment for EGUS
PPI - omeprazole
is acid damage the cause of glandular disease
no - but is an aggravating factor
CS for EGUS
asymptomatic, anxious, colicky, food aggressive, wont perform, grumpy, bruxism
risk factors for EGGD
warmblood, specific trainer, multiple people, lots of exercise,
diagnosis of EGUS
endoscopy, biopsy, US
how to do gastric endoscopy
NPO 16 hrs, restraint, pass like NG tube, inflate and deflate, confirm healing with follow up
gastric US
left flank, cranioventral
not caudal to IC14
EGUS treatments and prevention
small frequent forage meals
supplements
mirrors
water
corn oil
omeprazole - expensive, poor oral bioavailability with full forage, more effective for EGSD
are grades used for EGSD or EGGD
EGSD
complications of EGUS
uncommon
recurrence
peritonitis
gerd
polypus pyloris
intussusception
primary gastric distention disorders
ingestion of fermentable food/grain overload
food impaction
secondary distention disorders
small intestinal obstruction
aklaline fluid buildup
what is most common form of gastric distention disorder
secondary
gastric outflow obstruction causes
ulceration, delayed gastric emptying syndrome, neoplasia, phytobezoar
what gets retained in delayed gastric emptying
solids
signs of delayed gastric emptying
asymptomatic, inappetence, mild recurrent colic, cutaneous sensitivity
food bolus in stomach after 16 hr of fasting
Dx of delayed gastric emptying
CS, NG tube, enlargement of stomach via US, retention of food after fasting
gastric impaction predisposing factors
dental, gastritis, ulcers
clinical presentation of gastric impaction
colic, cant pass NG tube
Dx gastric emptying
contrast rads - no aboral movement into stomach by 30-90 min
common fall MO obstruction object
persimmons - surgery
what is gastrorrhexis
gastric rupture
why should you employ NG tube during Dx and management of colic
look for distension which can lead to rupture
is gastric rupture fatal
invariably
is gastric cancer common
no
gastric cancers
gastric SCC
lymphosarcoma
leiomyoma
who gets gastric SCC
old horses
Dx gastric SCC
endoscopy, US, analysis peritoneal fluid
