Exam 1 - Lecture 3 Flashcards
A protein which binds a corresponding molecular ligand conferring biological
activity
Receptors
A molecule which binds to the receptor to elicit a response
Agonist
Interacts with the receptor to block or inhibit the effects of the ligand
Antagonist
Agonist: acts like a natural —-
Antagonist: —- signal transduction
ligand
block
Receptors confer ________ and _________
Specificity and Activity
Hormones require ——– to induce an effect
Receptors
The abundance and accessibility of these receptors dictates the local
___________ of biological activity
intensity
How to increase the intensity of signals?
Increase hormones and increase of receptors
Steroid hormone action: —- receptor binds to steroid hormone
—- to nucleus.
—- binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA.
—- occurs. (this is how steroid hormones modify —-)
- Cytoplasmic
- Translocate
- DNA
- Dimerization
What are the three members of the Nuclear Receptors
- Androgen receptors
- Estrogen Receptors
- Progesterone Receptors
ramp up the gene
Androgen
turns the gene off
estrogen
ramp up or turn down the gene like a switch
progesterone
In Serum Carrier Proteins, what are the Sex Hormone-Binding globulin/ Androgen Binding Protein
Testosterone
DHT
Estradiol
In Serum Carrier Proteins what are the Corticosteroid binding globulin
Progesterone
Cortisol
Corticosterone
In Serum Carrier Proteins what are the Albumin (4)
Estradiol
Testosterone
Progesterone
Estriol
Is albumin a free steroid
No
What binds cell surface receptors
Non-steroid hormone
What are the 2 class of membrane bound receptor
Metabotropic
Ionotropic
change receptor shape to allow metabolism
Metabotropic
shape like ion channels, allows ion to flow through into the cell. Important tissue to move ion in and out by opening the membrane
Ionotropic
Large scale effect on cell function
metabotropic
change membrane, polarization
Ionotropic
Affinity: how —- a ligand will stick to its receptor
well
Why is affinity important in Receptor Specific Responses
different affinity, the bind will be different to the receptors
What is high affinity vs low affinity
High = sticks longer and activates better
Low = sticks not long and does not activate better
What is the most important thing in Receptor Specific Responses
The concentration/dosages
GnRH:
Released from:
Class:
Target:
Action: increase —- and —- release
Hypothalamus
Peptide
anterior pituitary
LH
FSH
KISS:
Released from:
Class:
Target:
Action: increase/ decrease —- release
Hypothalamus
Peptide
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Why is GnRH Important
Major hormone in behavior
What is Kispeptin
controls timing to released puberty and controls the release of GnRH
Melatonin:
Released from:
Class:
Target:
Action: increase or decrease —- release
pineal gland
amine
hypothalamus
GnRH
What is the Hormone control of the Pineal gland
Melatonin
LH:
Released from:
Class:
Target:
Action: induces —-
promotes —- formation
increases luteal —-
Anterior
Glycoprotein
Ovary/testis
Ovulation
Luteal formation
Luteal P4
FSH:
Released from:
Class:
Target:
Action: —- development/maturation, increase —- synthesis
Anterior
Glycoprotein
Ovary/testis
follicular developement
estrogen
Oxytocin:
Released from:
Class:
Target: (3): ——- gland, ———gland, ———
Action: increases —- motility, increases PGF2a, milk ejection
Posterior
Peptide
Uterus, Mammary gland, Accessory glands
Uterine motility
Increases PGF2a
Milk ejection
Estradiol (E2):
Released from:
Class:
Target: (3) ——-, ——- tract , ——— gland
Action: (4) increase for all 4
follicle
steroid
hypothalamus, repro tract, mammary gland
increase sexual behavior, increase GnRH production, increase uterine activity, mammary development
inhibin:
Released from:
Class:
Target:
Action:
follicle
glycoprotein
pituitary
decrease FSH release
Progesterone (P4):
Released from:
Class:
Target:(3) : ———, ——- endothelium/myometrium, ——— glands
Action: —- maintenance, decrease —- behavior, decrease —-, decrease —- activity, and lactation
corpus luteum
steroid
hypothalamus, uterine endothelium/myometrium, mammary gland
pregnancy
sexual
GnRH
uterine
Relaxin:
Released from:
Class:
Target(3):
Action: soften —- and —-
Corpus Leuteum
Protein
Uterus
Cervix
Pelvis
ligaments and cervix
testosterone (T):
Released from:
Class:
Target(2):
Action(5): spermatogenesis, increase —- development, decrease —-,
male sex behaviors,
—- maturation
Testis
Steroid
Reproductive tract
Muscle
muscle
GnRH
sperm
Estradiol:
Released from:
Class:
Target (2):
Action (5): spermatogenesis, increase —- development, decrease —-,
male sex behaviors,
—- maturation
Testis
Steroid
Brain and Repro tract
muscle
GnRH
sperm
How to convert T to Estradiol
Aromatase
prostaglandin E2:
Released from:
Class:
Target:
Action (2): —- production, regulate —- tone
Uterus
prostaglandin
Ovary
progestrone
muscle
prostaglandin F2a:
Released from:
Class:
Target(2):
Action (2): —- P4, uterine —-(ends pregnancy)
Uterus
Prostaglandin
Ovary
Uterine myometrium
Decrease progestrone
contraction
Progesterone:
Released from:
Class:
Target(3):
Action (2):
Placenta
Steroid
Hypothalamus
Uterine
Mammary gland
Pregnancy
decrease sexual, GnRH, uterine activity
Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG):
Released from:
Class:
Target:
Action:
Placenta
Glycoprotein
Ovary
maintain Progestrone
Placental Lactogen:
Released from:
Class:
Target:
Action: prepartum —- development
Placenta
Protein
Mammary gland
mammary
The endocrine system can be regulated at different levels. 3
The quantity of hormones
Availability of hormones
Sensitivity of the target tissue
What are the quantity of hormone (3)
Synthesis
Release
Elimination
What is the availability of hormone
Binding protein association
What is the sensitivity of the target tissue
regulate sensitivity of cell by changing receptor up or down regulation
Example of regulating sensitivity of cell
Ridlin increases neuroactivity but decreases sensitivity
What are the 2 types of control mechanisms for hormones?
positive and negative feedback
(-) feedback: functions to maintain ______. (ex: ______steroids in males)
homeostasis
Gonadal
(+) feedback: creates altered physiological states by amplifiying pushes the variable from the set point to achieve specific physiological purpose (ex: ________ in female)
GnRH
Pulsatility: the way that most —- hormones are secreted. The quantity in circulation is a product of —-, —-, —-. Changes in the Frequency/amplitude dictate the —- of hormone
reproductive
Frequency
Amplitude
Elimination
function
What is the patterns of hormone secretion
Basal
Episodic
Sustained
Patterns of hormone Secretion:
Basal: —- hormone levels
Episodic: having an episode of —- release (a spike in a graph)
Sustained: steady —- and plateau
Baseline
High
Incline
Half life practical implications (3)
detection
Dosage
Withdrawl period
Glucuronidation or steroid metabolism: Located in —-. A —- molecule is attached to a steroid. This molecule is is very hydro—-. This makes the steroid water —- for destruction. Then it is taken to —-
liver
Glucose
hydrophilic
kidney
Glycoprotein Excretion: Small glycoproteins are removed directly by the —-. Filtration rate is dependent on —- state. Intact hormones can be detected in —-
Kidney
glycosylation state
urine
