Exam 1 - Lecture 2 Flashcards
A substance produced by one or more glands that is transported by the blood to exert a specific effect upon another organ
Hormones
Releases hormone to blood, almost every tissue in the body has this
gland
the branch of biology that studies hormones including their source, targets, regulation and impact
endocrinology
What are the different types of endocrine signaling? (7)
Autocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Juxtacrine signaling
Endocrine signaling
Exocrine signaling
Neurocrine signaling
Neuroendocrine signaling
What is autocrine signaling?
Self signaling, the cell is talking to itself
What does the cell releases to binds to receptors in autocrine signaling
Ligand
Explain the process of autocrine signaling
binds to corresponding receptor on the same cell
What are examples of autocrine signaling?
FAS on immune cells to initiate apoptosis
Serotoin autoreceptors
What is paracrine signaling
Talking to neighboring cells
Explain the process of paracrine signaling
Cell A releases a ligand binds to a receptor on a nearby cell
What are some example of paracrine signaling
histamine in gut
estradiol in testes
Is estrogen a hormone?
No estrogen is a class of hormone
What is Juxtacrine Signaling?
Cells shaking hands
Explain the process of juxtacrine signaling
Ligand attached to the surface of cell A interact with receptors on the surface of Cell B (direct cell signaling)
Juxtacrine signaling:
- Sperm head attaching receptors on —– membrane of bird egg
- —– presentation
- perivitelline membrane of bird egg
- Antigen presentation
What is endocrine signaling
cells texting each other
In endocrine system, where is the ligand released to?
the blood
What accumulates in the blood in endocrine system
Hormone
Explain the process of endocrine signaling
the ligand by its receptor on a cell far away elicits a response in the target tissue
What is a examples of endocrine signaling
oxytocin from the posterior pituitary stimulates milk let down in mammary tissues
What is oxytocin
smooth muscle contraction
Its very specific. Acts on tissues that can accept the receptors
Hormone Action
Substances released into the ductal system to an epithelial surface
Exocrine signaling
Where is the substance made by the exocrine signaling often found
mucosal surface
What is an example of exocrine signaling
glands that secrete pheromones
sweat
Who is the person that studied human pheromones
Dr. Martha McClintok, Wesly College
ligand is released from a neuron to act on a non-neuronal target cell.
Neurocrine signaling
Neurocrine: _______ is released from _________ to elicit an penile erection
NO
parasympathetic
A ligand is released form a neuron into the blood
Neuroendocrine signaling
Binds to its receptors elsewhere in the body
Neuroendocrine signaling
Fill in the blank of this example of Neuroendocrine Signaling.
____________ released from the ____________ into pituitary portal blood to act on ___________ in anterior pituitary
GNRH
Hypothalamus
gonadotropes
What are the two reflexes?
Simple Neural Reflex and Neuroendocrine reflex
What are the 3 types of neurons that make up the simple neural reflex
Afferent
Interneuron
Efferent
—–: neurons synapse with —————- in the —- column
afferent
interneurons
spinal
——: synapse with efferent neurones
interneurons
—-: neurons release signals directly into the target tissue
efferent
What are examples of simple neural reflex
knee jerk, lordosis, motor
———: stimulus ultimately activates neuroendocrine cells via the ——-
Neuroendocrine reflex
interneurons
What is an example of neuroendocrine reflex
Release of oxytocin in response to suckling
3 ways hormones are classified
Chemical
Receptor types
Sources
What does the mechanism of classification tells us about (4)
Physiology
Variability
Specificity
Activity
Reproductive hormones fall into 6 chemical classes. What are these classes
Peptides
Steroids
Protein
Glycoprotein
Eicosanoids
Biogenic amines
short sequence of amino acids
Peptides
Sequence is encoded by specific genes and derived from longer precursors sequence
peptides
What are 4 examples of peptides
oyxtocin
GnRH
GnIH
TRH
which peptides is a inhibitory for hormones
GnIH
which peptides inhibits Gn
TRH
longer sequence of amino acids
protein hormones
Do protein hormones have complex secondary or primary structure
secondary
Are protein hormones single or multiple molculed
single molecule
are protein hormones glycoslated or not
not glycoslated
do protein hormones have a high or low interspecies variability
High interspecies variability
What are some example of protein hormone
FSH
Leptin
Prolactin
Important in mammal, insufficient amount of this protein hormome results in no puberty and reproduction
Leptin
What is glycoprotein comprised of and how is it linked?
Common a chain
Unique b chain
Linked by non-covalent bonds
What sugars are used to modified glycoprotein hormones
mannose, galactose and fructose
What are examples of glycoprotein hormones
Luteinizing hormones (LH)
Follicle stimulate hormone (FSH)
Chorionic Gonadotropins (eCG and hCH)
Inhibin
Activin
What is relaxin for?
parturition
4 fuse ring
steroids
each steroid is derived from what by step wise enzymatic modification
cholestrol
What are some examples of steroids
Estradiol
Progestrone
Testosterones
dihydrotestosterone
How is estradiol made from testosterone
Aromatase
How is dihydrotestosteone made from testosterone
5-a-reductase
Estrogen include three endogenous hormones. what are those 3
Estrone (E1)
Estradiol (E2)
Estriol (E3)
a class of steroid hormone that binds to the progestrone receptors
Progestrone
What are the endogenous hormone?
progstrerone
progestin
What are the non-animal forms receive as prefix
Xeno
phyto
Myco
What is genestein
produced from soybean that is a plant estrogen
Control male development and maintenance
Androgrens
Various endogenous forms of Androgens
Testosterones
Dihydrotesterone
Androstenedione
Included synthetic and endogenous forms
Corticosteroids
what is Corticosteroids subdivided into
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
What is the subdivision of Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone
What is the subdivision of Glucocorticoids
Cortisol
Corticosterone
Cortisone
Derived from arachidonic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids
Eicosanoid
What are the 2 examples of eicosanoid?
prostaglandin (E2) (PGE2)
Prostaglandin F2 Alpha (PGF2a)
why is prostaglandin (E2) (PGE2) and Prostaglandin F2 Alpha (PGF2a) important
initiate the process of partuition
Large Arachidonic pathway: linked to —— processes
- ____________
-______________
-______________
non reproductive
immune function
clotting
vascular control
Important in behavior
Amine
What are the hormones derived from amino acids in Amines
Tryptophan - indole
Tyrosine - cate
What are the 2 groups of biogenic amine
Indoleamine and Catecholamine
What is 5-HT in seratonin
Mood enhancer and drugs
inside of the brain
norepinephrine
outside of the brain
epinephrine
rewards, punishment, addiction, breeding facility
dopamine
Explain the tyrosine amine passage way
Tyrosine –> thyroglobulin –> T3 and T4 (mostly T4)
What is T4 and T3, and which one is more abundant
T4 = Thyroxine
T3 = triiodothyronine
T4 is more abundant
How is T4 converted into T3
T4 is a target tissues that gets deionized forming T3
