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ANSC 333 > Exam 1 - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A substance produced by one or more glands that is transported by the blood to exert a specific effect upon another organ

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Releases hormone to blood, almost every tissue in the body has this

A

gland

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3
Q

the branch of biology that studies hormones including their source, targets, regulation and impact

A

endocrinology

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4
Q

What are the different types of endocrine signaling? (7)

A

Autocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Juxtacrine signaling
Endocrine signaling
Exocrine signaling
Neurocrine signaling
Neuroendocrine signaling

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5
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

Self signaling, the cell is talking to itself

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6
Q

What does the cell releases to binds to receptors in autocrine signaling

A

Ligand

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7
Q

Explain the process of autocrine signaling

A

binds to corresponding receptor on the same cell

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8
Q

What are examples of autocrine signaling?

A

FAS on immune cells to initiate apoptosis
Serotoin autoreceptors

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9
Q

What is paracrine signaling

A

Talking to neighboring cells

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10
Q

Explain the process of paracrine signaling

A

Cell A releases a ligand binds to a receptor on a nearby cell

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11
Q

What are some example of paracrine signaling

A

histamine in gut
estradiol in testes

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12
Q

Is estrogen a hormone?

A

No estrogen is a class of hormone

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13
Q

What is Juxtacrine Signaling?

A

Cells shaking hands

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14
Q

Explain the process of juxtacrine signaling

A

Ligand attached to the surface of cell A interact with receptors on the surface of Cell B (direct cell signaling)

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15
Q

Juxtacrine signaling:
- Sperm head attaching receptors on —– membrane of bird egg
- —– presentation

A
  • perivitelline membrane of bird egg
  • Antigen presentation
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16
Q

What is endocrine signaling

A

cells texting each other

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17
Q

In endocrine system, where is the ligand released to?

A

the blood

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18
Q

What accumulates in the blood in endocrine system

A

Hormone

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19
Q

Explain the process of endocrine signaling

A

the ligand by its receptor on a cell far away elicits a response in the target tissue

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20
Q

What is a examples of endocrine signaling

A

oxytocin from the posterior pituitary stimulates milk let down in mammary tissues

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21
Q

What is oxytocin

A

smooth muscle contraction

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22
Q

Its very specific. Acts on tissues that can accept the receptors

A

Hormone Action

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23
Q

Substances released into the ductal system to an epithelial surface

A

Exocrine signaling

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24
Q

Where is the substance made by the exocrine signaling often found

A

mucosal surface

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25
Q

What is an example of exocrine signaling

A

glands that secrete pheromones
sweat

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26
Q

Who is the person that studied human pheromones

A

Dr. Martha McClintok, Wesly College

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27
Q

ligand is released from a neuron to act on a non-neuronal target cell.

A

Neurocrine signaling

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28
Q

Neurocrine: _______ is released from _________ to elicit an penile erection

A

NO
parasympathetic

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29
Q

A ligand is released form a neuron into the blood

A

Neuroendocrine signaling

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30
Q

Binds to its receptors elsewhere in the body

A

Neuroendocrine signaling

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31
Q

Fill in the blank of this example of Neuroendocrine Signaling.
____________ released from the ____________ into pituitary portal blood to act on ___________ in anterior pituitary

A

GNRH
Hypothalamus
gonadotropes

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32
Q

What are the two reflexes?

A

Simple Neural Reflex and Neuroendocrine reflex

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33
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons that make up the simple neural reflex

A

Afferent
Interneuron
Efferent

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34
Q

—–: neurons synapse with —————- in the —- column

A

afferent
interneurons
spinal

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35
Q

——: synapse with efferent neurones

A

interneurons

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36
Q

—-: neurons release signals directly into the target tissue

A

efferent

37
Q

What are examples of simple neural reflex

A

knee jerk, lordosis, motor

38
Q

———: stimulus ultimately activates neuroendocrine cells via the ——-

A

Neuroendocrine reflex
interneurons

39
Q

What is an example of neuroendocrine reflex

A

Release of oxytocin in response to suckling

40
Q

3 ways hormones are classified

A

Chemical
Receptor types
Sources

41
Q

What does the mechanism of classification tells us about (4)

A

Physiology
Variability
Specificity
Activity

42
Q

Reproductive hormones fall into 6 chemical classes. What are these classes

A

Peptides
Steroids
Protein
Glycoprotein
Eicosanoids
Biogenic amines

43
Q

short sequence of amino acids

A

Peptides

44
Q

Sequence is encoded by specific genes and derived from longer precursors sequence

A

peptides

45
Q

What are 4 examples of peptides

A

oyxtocin
GnRH
GnIH
TRH

46
Q

which peptides is a inhibitory for hormones

A

GnIH

47
Q

which peptides inhibits Gn

A

TRH

48
Q

longer sequence of amino acids

A

protein hormones

49
Q

Do protein hormones have complex secondary or primary structure

A

secondary

50
Q

Are protein hormones single or multiple molculed

A

single molecule

51
Q

are protein hormones glycoslated or not

A

not glycoslated

52
Q

do protein hormones have a high or low interspecies variability

A

High interspecies variability

53
Q

What are some example of protein hormone

A

FSH
Leptin
Prolactin

54
Q

Important in mammal, insufficient amount of this protein hormome results in no puberty and reproduction

A

Leptin

55
Q

What is glycoprotein comprised of and how is it linked?

A

Common a chain
Unique b chain
Linked by non-covalent bonds

56
Q

What sugars are used to modified glycoprotein hormones

A

mannose, galactose and fructose

57
Q

What are examples of glycoprotein hormones

A

Luteinizing hormones (LH)
Follicle stimulate hormone (FSH)
Chorionic Gonadotropins (eCG and hCH)
Inhibin
Activin

58
Q

What is relaxin for?

A

parturition

59
Q

4 fuse ring

A

steroids

60
Q

each steroid is derived from what by step wise enzymatic modification

A

cholestrol

61
Q

What are some examples of steroids

A

Estradiol
Progestrone
Testosterones
dihydrotestosterone

62
Q

How is estradiol made from testosterone

A

Aromatase

63
Q

How is dihydrotestosteone made from testosterone

A

5-a-reductase

64
Q

Estrogen include three endogenous hormones. what are those 3

A

Estrone (E1)
Estradiol (E2)
Estriol (E3)

65
Q

a class of steroid hormone that binds to the progestrone receptors

A

Progestrone

66
Q

What are the endogenous hormone?

A

progstrerone
progestin

67
Q

What are the non-animal forms receive as prefix

A

Xeno
phyto
Myco

68
Q

What is genestein

A

produced from soybean that is a plant estrogen

69
Q

Control male development and maintenance

A

Androgrens

70
Q

Various endogenous forms of Androgens

A

Testosterones
Dihydrotesterone
Androstenedione

71
Q

Included synthetic and endogenous forms

A

Corticosteroids

72
Q

what is Corticosteroids subdivided into

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids

73
Q

What is the subdivision of Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone

74
Q

What is the subdivision of Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol
Corticosterone
Cortisone

75
Q

Derived from arachidonic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Eicosanoid

76
Q

What are the 2 examples of eicosanoid?

A

prostaglandin (E2) (PGE2)
Prostaglandin F2 Alpha (PGF2a)

77
Q

why is prostaglandin (E2) (PGE2) and Prostaglandin F2 Alpha (PGF2a) important

A

initiate the process of partuition

78
Q

Large Arachidonic pathway: linked to —— processes
- ____________
-______________
-______________

A

non reproductive
immune function
clotting
vascular control

79
Q

Important in behavior

A

Amine

80
Q

What are the hormones derived from amino acids in Amines

A

Tryptophan - indole
Tyrosine - cate

81
Q

What are the 2 groups of biogenic amine

A

Indoleamine and Catecholamine

82
Q

What is 5-HT in seratonin

A

Mood enhancer and drugs

83
Q

inside of the brain

A

norepinephrine

84
Q

outside of the brain

A

epinephrine

85
Q

rewards, punishment, addiction, breeding facility

A

dopamine

86
Q

Explain the tyrosine amine passage way

A

Tyrosine –> thyroglobulin –> T3 and T4 (mostly T4)

87
Q

What is T4 and T3, and which one is more abundant

A

T4 = Thyroxine
T3 = triiodothyronine
T4 is more abundant

88
Q

How is T4 converted into T3

A

T4 is a target tissues that gets deionized forming T3

ANSC 333 (5 decks)

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