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BIOL 503 > Exam 1 (Lecture 2) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Lecture 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is In vivo?

A

Happening in the body

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2
Q

What is In vitro?

A

not in the body, tissue culture

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3
Q

What is ex vivo?

A

something taken out of the body.

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4
Q

What are leukocytes consist of?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells.

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5
Q

All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but all leukocytes are NOT lymphocytes. True or false.

A

TRUUUUU.

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6
Q

What is hematopoeisis?

A
  • Formation and development of RBC and WBC from stem cells.

- Start in bone marrow and allow differentiation to give all cells needed.

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7
Q

Every functionally specialized blood cell in the body is derived from which single type of stem cell?

A

Pluripotent Stem Cell.

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8
Q

What is the one cell surface marker for humans in hematopoietic stem cell?

A

CD 34

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9
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

They tell cells what to do.

They are growth facors required for survival, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation.

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10
Q

How does hematopoiesis work?

A
  1. Cytokines control differentiation
  2. Each cell must express the appropriate receptor for the particular cytokine.
  3. Cytokines currently used as drugs
  4. Stromal cells providing different things.
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11
Q

What do stromal cells provide?

A
  1. physical support
  2. Secrete cytokines (fat cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages
  3. Provide co stimulating counter receptors.
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12
Q

What is IL-3, Interleukin 3?

A

Multi- colony stimulating factor. It allows multiple lineages to grow and differentiate.

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13
Q

What is GM-CSF?

A

It allows granulocytes and macrophages to grow and differentiate.

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14
Q

What is M-CSF?

A

It allows macrophages to grow and differentiate

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15
Q

What is G-CSF?

A

It allows granulocytes to grow and differentiate.

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16
Q

Lymphoid, erythroid, and eosinophilic cells can’t do what?

A

They can not express receptors for the CSFs and cannot respond to any of them.

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17
Q

What is EPO and what does it do?

A

Erythropoietin (from kidney)

It induces terminal erythrocyte development and increases RBC production.

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18
Q

What does it mean to have hematopoiesis maintained?

A

A steady state is new cells = lost cells (lose due to age and death).

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19
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed Cell Death. When it is time to die, the system is programmed to do so.

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20
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Death due to damage. It involves cell disinegration and release of intracellular components. This can cause an inflammatory response.

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21
Q

What does apoptosis involve (general)?

A

Blebbing of the cell into small sub-bodies that can be phagocytosed by macrophages. A silent death, and it is better for the body.

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22
Q

What are the steps of apoptosis?

A
  1. Degrade DNA, destroy nucleus.
  2. Generate something, inside cell is randomized. The blebs split off containing contents that has never reached the body.
  3. Macrophage comes and eat them. So, no inflammation.
23
Q

What are the cell types involved in innate immunity?

A

Monocytic cells; Granuloctyic cells, and dendritic cells.

24
Q

In monocytic cells, what are they ressponsible for?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Antigen presentation to T cells
  3. Secretion of some cytokines and some inflammatory mediators.
25
Q

For monocytic cells. where are the sites of action?

A

In the blood, they are monocytes. In the tissue, they become macrophages.

26
Q

What’s the difference between macrophages and monocytes?

A

Macrophages are larger, and they have granules inside them. Monocytes don’t kill many things.

27
Q

What are the two basic types of macrophages?

A

Free/ wandering macrophages.

fixed macrophages.

28
Q

Where are Kupffer cells found?

A

The Liver

29
Q

Where are histiocytes found?

A

Connective tissue

30
Q

Where are alveolar macrophages found?

A

The lung

31
Q

Where are mesangial cells found?

A

The Kidney

32
Q

Where are microglial cells found?

A

The brain.

33
Q

Why are macrophages needed to be activated in order to function? Why shouldn’t they be activated all the time?

A
  • They’re dangerous, they can hurt you.

- They’re bigger (requires more energy)

34
Q

How are macrophages activated?

A
  1. Phagocytosis of particulate Ag
  2. Cytokines from Th cells
  3. mediators of the inflammatory response
  4. Pattern recognition of bacterial cell walls or nucleic acids.
35
Q

What do Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) look for?

A

Also called Toll-like Receptors (TLR).

They look for a specific pattern- sugars, phospholipids, DNA, RNA. They all have repeating patterns.

36
Q

What is pathogen associated molecular patterns?

A

gram positive or gram negative.

37
Q

What is damaged associated molecular patterns?

A

if macrophages finds itself where cells are being burst open, they will notice it is damaged.

38
Q

What are the two forms of receptors?

A

Soluble and cell associated.

39
Q

What are two important examples of SOLUBLE PRR?

A

CRP (C-reactive protein)

MBL (mannose binding lectin)

40
Q

What does TLR2 bind to?

A

It binds to peptidoglycans on Gram (+) bacteria.

On the surface of host cell.

41
Q

What does TLR3 bind to?

A

Double stranded RNA (viruses)

On the inside of host cell.

42
Q

What does TLR4 bind to?

A

Binds to lipopolusaccharide (LPS) on Gram (-) bacteria.

On the surface of host cell.

43
Q

What does TLR9 bind to?

A

It binds to CpG unmethylated dinucleotides in bacterial DNA.

On the inside of host cell.

44
Q

How are full activation of macrophages characterized?

A
  • increased phagocytic activity
  • increased microbicidal activity
  • increased secretion of inflammatory mediated
  • increased ability to activate T cells
  • increased expression of Class II MHC
  • secretion of cytotoxic proteins to attack.
45
Q

What is opsonins?

What do they stick to?

A
  • increase the rate of phagocytosis

- stick to both the target and macrophage.

46
Q

What are the two types of toxic activities of macrophages?

A

Oxygen dependent and oxygen independent.

47
Q

What do Interleukin 1 (IL-1) do?

A
  1. Activates Th cells
  2. Promotes inflammation by acting on vascular endothelium
  3. Acts on the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus to cause fever.
48
Q

What do complement proteins do?

A
  • Promote inflammation, opsonization, and pathogen elimination
49
Q

What do hydrolytic enzymes do?

A

They’re from lysosomes. They promote inflammation by digestion of things.

50
Q

What do IFN-alpha do?

A

Activates cellular genes –> antiviral state in cells.

51
Q

What does TNF-alpha do?

A

Kill tumor cells, and it has regulatory functions.

52
Q

What does IL-6, GM-CSF, G- CSF, AND M-CSF do?

A

Promote hematopoiesis.

53
Q

What are the first cells to arrive at a site of inflammation in response to chemotactic factors?

A

Neutrophils.

BIOL 503 (2 decks)

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