Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 503 > Exam 1 (Lecture 1) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Lecture 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune response protect against?

A
  1. Invading pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi)
  2. Caner
  3. Causes organ transplant rejection.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are autoimmune diseases?

A

When the immune system attacks itself, then the host will get:

Rheumatoid arthritis
multiple sclerosis
insulin dependent diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are hypersensitivities?

A

Also known as allergies.
When the immune system attacks the wrong thing!

Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
Contact dermatitis (poison Ivy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are immunodeficiencies?

A

When the immune system attacks nothing.

SCIDS (Sever combined immune deficiencies syndrome)
AIDS ( caused by HIV)
Pregnancy and stress (normal/slow ones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who created variolation in the 1500’s? What did they do?

A 
The Turks and Chinese invented immunity. 
Dried crusts (contained the virus) of smallpox pustules were inserted into cuts/ inhaled into nose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Edward Jenner discover?

A
  • Milkmaids with cowpox, did not get small pox.

- Injected a child with cowpox, then small pox.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Pasteur discover?

A
  • He invented pasteurization.
  • Studied fowl cholera (in chickens)
  • Vaccination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did Joseph Meister discover?

A
  • He was bitten, and he got rabies. He did a treatment with untested material.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the words to describe innate immunity?

A

fast, mean, and stupid!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 components of innate immunity?

A
  1. Anatomic barriers
  2. Physiologic barriers
  3. Endocytic/phagocytic mechanisms
  4. Inflammation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the anatomic barriers, what is included in this?

A
  • Skin

- Mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is skin an anatomic barrier?

A

The sebaceous glands secrete sebum (lactic and fatty acids) to keep the pH of the skin at 3-5 to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

  • Some organisms live on the skin and can metabolize sebum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Accutane, an anti-acne drug, does what?

A

Its a vitamin A derivative that prevents sebum formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is the mucous membrane an anatomical barrier?

A
  • Alimentary cannel, respiratory, urogenital tracts, conjuctivae.
  • Technically, all outside of the body.
  • Low probability of pathogen entrance because they make a good barrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does saliva, tears, and other secretions do?

A

They wash away organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does mucus do?

A

It traps organisms and then washes it away.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Can organisms evade the mucous membrane? How so? Are there examples?

A

Yes; they adapt to use them

Exs ) Influenza and Rhinovirus viruses binds to the mucous membrane cells and infects the,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the physiological barriers to Innate immunity?

A

Temperature, pH, oxygen tension, and soluble factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does temperature help the innate immunity?

A

Some organisms cannot grow at the higher temp of body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does pH help the innate immunity?

A

Gastric acidity kills most ingested organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some soluble factors in the innate immunity?

A

Lysozyme (digest the outside of bacteria, in tears and mucous secretions)

Interferons (antiviral activity)

Complement (Protein system in the blood that, when activated, causes membrane damage and facilitates clearance of organisms)

22
Q

What are the endocytic/phagocytic barriers in the innate immunity?

A

CELLS DO THIS.

If a foreign substance is taken in, you degrade it. It has a lesser chance to hurt you.

23
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis?

A

-Pinocytosis and Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

24
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Rubor (redness)
  2. Tumor (swelling)
  3. Calor (heat)
  4. Dolor (pain)

5th: functio laesa (loss of function)

25
Q

What are the 3 major events in an inflammation?

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increased capillary permeability
  3. Exfiltration of phagocytic cells.
26
Q

What does diapedesis or extravasation mean?

A

White blood cells leaving blood vessels.

27
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

WBC migrating to the site of injury

28
Q

In inflammation, what mediates the event?

A

Secreted soluble chemical mediators:

Acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein)
Histamine
Cytokines

29
Q

What is used to describe acquired immunity?

A

Highly specific!!!

30
Q

What are the 4 components of the acquired immunity?

A
  1. specificity
  2. diversity
  3. memory
  4. self/nonself recognition
31
Q

What is specificity in the acquired immunity?

A

Distinguishing single differences or smaller. The immune system recognizes foreign things with protein receptors (recognition molecules)

32
Q

What is diversity in the acquired immunity?

A

To react with different foreign antigens. The receptors can differ from original genes encoding them.

33
Q

What is memory in the acquired immunity?

A

respond quicker and stronger the second time

34
Q

What is self/nonself in the acquired immunity?

A

discrimination to prevent attack the cells of the body.

Inflammation is indiscriminate and attacks everything

35
Q

What are the 3 cell types?

A
  1. T cells
  2. B cells
  3. Antigen presenting cells.
36
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

T and B cells.

37
Q

What are lymphocytes responsible for?

A

specificity, memory, diversity, and self recognition.

38
Q

What are the characteristics of B cells?

A
  • mature in the bone marrow
  • express unique antigen receptor on the cell membrane
  • the antibody has 2 heavy and 2 light chains.
  • ANTIBODIES BIND ANTIGEN IN SOLN.
39
Q

On a naive B cell, what does the antibody bind to? What happens?

A
  • Antibody binds to the Antigen

- divides into memory cells (surface antibody) and plasma cells (secreted antibody)

40
Q

What are the characteristics of a T cell?

A
  • precursors arise in the bone marrow
  • migrate to thymus (where they mature and express the T cell antigen receptor [never secreted]
  • TCR then leave the thymus as naive T cells looking for an antigen
  • DOES NOT BIND ANTIGENS IN SOLN.
41
Q

The TCR only binds the antigen when it is associated with??

A

MHC proteins

42
Q

When the naive T cells binds to an antigen, what does it divide into?

A

memory cells and various effector cells.

43
Q

What are the T helper cells?

A

These secrete soluble proteins called cytokines that have helper effects on other cells.
Have CD4 on the surface

44
Q

What are T regulatory cells?

A

They have suppressive effects on other cells. OFF signal

45
Q

What are T cytotoxic cells?

A

Under the influence of Ag and cytokines, they differentiate into CTLs to kill other cells.
Have CD8 on surface

46
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells

47
Q

What does antigen presenting cells do?

A

They internalize and digest antigens (process) and present fragments on the surface of the cells associated with the MHC molecule. T cell then interacts and activates.

48
Q

What are the 3 proteins responsible for specific Ag recognition?

A
  1. Membrane-bound Ab on the surface of B cells
  2. T cell Ag receptors = TCR
  3. MHC on Ag presenting cells (APC)
49
Q

What is antigen processing?

A

Foreign proteins internalized and degraded by the APC and become associated with the MHC molecules.

50
Q

What is antigen presentation?

A

When the MHC moves to the cell surface

BIOL 503 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions