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A &P II Spring 2024 > Exam 1/ Lecture 2: 1/23/24 > Flashcards

Exam 1/ Lecture 2: 1/23/24 Flashcards

1
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Which part of the vascular system effect the pulse pressure?

A

Large arteries

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2
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the pulse pressure

A

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure

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3
Q

True or false: The aorta has a high vasular compliance level than the large arteries

A

True

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4
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What effects does aging have on the blood vessels?
How does that affect the systolic BP?

A
  • increasein age causes the blood vessels to become more ridge
  • increase systolic BP

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5
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the pulmonary arterial pressure ranges

Slide 33

A

25 ( systolic) - 8 (diasyolic)

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6
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Why is the pulmonary pulse pressure narrower than the systemic?

A

due to the pressures are lower than the systemic circit

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7
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Waht is happen to the pulse pressure once it reaches the pulmonary capillaries?

A

the energy is gone and the pulse pressure is eliminated

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8
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the pressure in the left atrium

A

2mmhg

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9
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the MAP for the pulmnary circulation?

A

16mmhg

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10
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Majority of the blood is located in which part of what circulation?

A

vein, Systemic circulation

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11
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the percentage of the blood located in the vein in the systemic circulation?

A

84 %

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12
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

A large amount of blood can be found in which part of the sysemtic circulation?

A

Leg

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13
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

How does decrease in veins return effect the heart?

A
  • If we don’t have movement the blood will set there and not be return the heart
  • Can be a problem when blood is trying to be pump out; no blood returned no blood pump back out

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14
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What are the 2 measursing points of blood pressure?
Where are they located?

A
  • Aortic baroreceptors on the aortic arch
  • Carotid bodies in the bifurcationof the internal and external carotid arteries

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15
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Which nerve transport feedback information to the brianstem from the aortic barorecerptors?

A

Vagus nerve

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16
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Which 2nerve transport feedback information to the brianstem from the carotid bodies?

A
  • Hering’s nerve ( that feeds into the glossopharyngeal nerve)
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve

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17
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

All 3 nerves will come encontact with what part of the brainstem?
What does that control?

A
  • vascular motor center
  • cardiovascular control center in the brainstem
  • Control basic functions
    o CV status
    o respiratory drive

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18
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

How does the vascular control center determine if the BP is up?

A
  • the pressure inside the vessel increases causing the walls of the blood vessels to be stretch out increasing the permeability of sodium which causes faster firing frequency = more action potentials
  • as the frequency goes up the brain interrupts that has higher BP

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19
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the formula to the equation regarding neural control on the BP?

A

detla I / delta P
( change in firiing freuency / change in pressure)

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20
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

True or False: With a normal baroreceptors and functionin central nerves system arterial BP does not move from set point unless we are doig an activity

A

True

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21
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What would happen if the baroreceptors are removed

A
  • our MAP is about the same
  • a lot more variability in BP

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22
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

If the baroreceptors are remove what would happen to a person if the were to go from a sitting to an stand position?

A

pass out

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23
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Clamping the carotid artery distally to the sesnors the body would response by?

A

The BP was low and increase vascular tone and cardiac output
* Try to correct for the preserved low BP
* By going up by 50mmhg

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24
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Clamping the carotid artery proximal to the sesnors the body would response by?

A

They will not be able to see the changes in the heart

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25
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What would happen to the MAP i and BP if we remove the baroreceptors?

A
  • our MAP is about the same
  • a lot more variability

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26
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What are the 4 phase of the pressure volume loop?

A
  • Phase 1 - period of filling
  • Phase 2 - isovolumetric contraction
  • Phase 3 - period of ejection
  • Phase 4 - Isovolumertic

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27
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the ESV ( end -systolic volume?
How much blood is left in the ventricle

A

volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of the systolic ejection phase

50 ml

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28
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

How does the decrease pressure in the left ventricle compared to the left atrium ( higher pressure) affects the mitral valve ?

A

it cause it to open

Slide 40

29
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

How much volume is add to the left ventricle during filling

A

70ml

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30
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What happen to the left interventricler pressure at the begininng and end of phase 1

A

it increase to make sure all the blood is in the ventricle

Slide 40

31
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the average interventriclar pressure during phase 1?

A

2 mmhg

Slide 40

32
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the amont of blood that is push out at the end of phase 1?

A

10 ml

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33
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

How does the ventricle contracting due to the increasing pressure inside the ventricle which is higher than pressure in the atrium affect the mitral valve?

A

It closes

Slide 40

34
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What happens to the aortic valve at the end of phase 2 beginning of phase 3?

A

once the pressure in the left ventricle extends over the aorta the aortic valve opens

Slide 40

35
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the interventricle pressure that allows the aortic valve to open?

A

80 mmgh, diastolic

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36
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the amount of blood that is ejected out of left ventricle in to the aorta?

A

120mmhg, or the amount that was filled during phase 1

Slide 40

37
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the normal stroke volume?
How do you calculate it?

A

70 mmhg
LV EDV - Lv ESV

Slide 40

38
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What happens to the aortic valve if pressure in the aorta excess the pressure in the left ventricle ?

A

aortic valve close

Slide 40

39
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the beginning of phase 4?

A
  • Closing of the aorta valve is the beginning of phase 4

Slide 40

40
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What happen to the interventricular pressure in phase 4

A

it decrease raipidly

Slide 40

41
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

At what point does the mitral valve reopen

A

o The pressure in the atrium is higher than the left ventricle that opens the mitral valve

42
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What would happen to the pressure loop if the mitra valve leak?
What is the body’s solution to an non-efffective mitral valve?

A
  • isovolumetric is no longer isovolumetric: because we are losing volume meaning that it cannot be pump forward
  • Body solution : to expand blood volume to increase CVP to make up the effect of the blood leaking back into the left atrium

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43
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is Preload and afterload unit of measurement?
Why is preload in this unit

A
  • mmhg
  • Preload is related to volume- pressure drive the volume into the heart: Filling force can give us more volume

Slide 40

44
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is preload range of pressure during phase 1?

A

2-6 mmgh

Slide 40

45
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the defination of afterload?
What is the amount of afterload for the heart?

A
  • Load, pressure or force that heart have to pump against
  • 80mmhg

Slide 40

46
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

How does high afterload affects the left ventricle?

A

It means that the heart will have to generate more pressure to open up the valve: problems will occur it the heart is unhealth

Slide 40

47
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

How is the contration illlustrated in a pressure volume loop?

A
  • Illustrated in the pressure volume loops by looking at the top left corner then having a x- intercept to the left of the loop( does not matter where it is place as long as you are consent)
  • The slope of the line that intercept at the top left corner and x- axis
    Steeper the slope of the higher the contractility
    Low contractility the left top corner of the curve would be in a different area and the slope of the line would be less steep

Slide 40

48
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

True or false: the ability for the heart to change Stroke volume is related to preload and afterload.

A
  • False, The ability of the heart to change its stroke volume complete separate from preload and after load
  • The only way to do that is by affecting the heart cells itself

Slide 40

49
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Placing the pressure volume loop into the function curves tells us what about the heart?

A
  • How much blood is the heart pumping which is related to how much blood the heart is filling

Slide 39

50
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What can limit the amount of blood coming out of the heart.

A

Venous return

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51
Q

Lecture

What is the CO of the heart under normal sympathetic stimultion?

A

13 L/min

Slide 44

52
Q

What is the CO of the heart under maximum sympathetic stimultion?

A
  • Can increase up to 25 L per min , due to the heart is pumping very hard and fast

Slide 44

53
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What would happen if the parasympathetic stimulation was removed

A

CO will go up

Slide 44

54
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What would happen we remove the sympathetic system?

A
  • drop the cardiac output down a little
    Not a lot of sympathetic stimulation in resting condition

Slide 44

55
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Regarding contractility, how is that illustrated on the graph

A
  • Higher contractility the steeper the slope of each curve
  • Less contractility the slope is not that steep (Flatter)

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56
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Under normal conditions what is the venous return with a right atrial pressure of 0?

A

5 L/ min

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57
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Under normal conditions what is the venous return with a right atrial pressure less than 0?

A

venous return will have more blood ( more than 5L) to enter the right atrium

Slide 42

58
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the maximum amount venous return to the right atrial with a pressure less than 0?

A

6 L/ min, then
it plateu out

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59
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

How is the venous return able to plateu out to 6L /min

A
  • Large veins filling the right atrium is very compliant
  • Really negative right atrium pressure will collapse the vein from the inside (like a vacuum)
  • Limited how much can be suck in

Slide 42

60
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What is the maximum amount venous return to the right atrial with a pressure greater than 0?

A

0 mmhg

Slide 42

61
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What has cause venous return to be less with a right artial pressure greater than 0?

A
  • Delta pressure has been reduced
  • Making it harder for the blood to enter the right atrium

Slide 42

62
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Why does the venous return pressure stop at 7mmhg ?

A

because the delta pressure would be 0 mmhg

slide 42

63
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What does Psf stand for

A

Mean Systemic filling pressure = 7

Slide 42

64
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

How does the body regulate venous return fucntion?

A

by adjusting Psf

Slide 42

65
Q

How do the body adjust the Psf?

A
  • increasing / decreasing volume
  • increasing/ decreasing venous tone

Slide 42

66
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What happen when we increase CVP/ right atrial pressure

3 benefits

A
  • That the enhance filling pressure would put more volume into the heart
  • Heart would pump out what ever excess volume it was being filled with
  • Heart has the ability to do more work with enhance filling

Slide 43

67
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

What happen when we increase CVP/ right atrial pressure affects the frank sterling mech.?

A

o Has the heart fills with more blood the cross bridges are better in line leading to a better stroke volume

Slide 43

68
Q

What is a direct atrial stess reflex? How is it activate?

A
  • Electrical system that response to the expansion of the right atrium by increasing heart by 15%: Leads to a small increase in heart rate
  • increasing heart rate due to an internal pathway

Slide 43

69
Q

Lecture 1/23/24

Whats is the 2nd reflex that is affected by the increase in heart rate; however it is more of an external circuit?

A

Bainbridge reflex
 Occurs when the heart rate increases in response to a rise in atrial pressure

Slide 43

A &P II Spring 2024 (11 decks)

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