Exam 1 Lecture Flashcards
What are the connection of epithelial cells to each other and to the basement membrane?
How does this help them in their function?
CAMs and Hemidesmosomes
Keeps them strong and not from dying
How are the 3 muscle types different?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
How are polar covalent bonds created?
when atoms with different electronegativities share electrons in a covalent bond.
Explain why polar covalent molecules are found in water?
because both hydrogen atoms are at one end of the molecule, it has an uneven distribution of
charges, creating positive and negative poles.
Why are water molecules bound together by hydrogen bonds?
Because the oxygen atom has two extra electrons much of the time, it develops a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen atoms become weakly positive.
What is a hydrogen bond?
is the attraction between a slight positive charge on hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond and slight negative charge from oxygen polar covalent bond
What part of their chemical structure of amino acids and fatty acids have in common?
Both are organic compounds.
COOH.
What is this structure? And what molecule forms the backbone of a triglyceride?
triglyceride
glycerol
What schematic diagram this?
generic amino acid
Which is the amino group and the carboxylic acid?
blue = amino
red = carboxylic
What is a peptide bond?
a chemical bond that is formed by joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.
What bonds form the primary, secondary, tertiary (one example) and quaternary levels of structure of proteins?
hydrogen bonding
What features of phospholipids make them ideal for cell membranes?
two hydrophobic “tails,” which are fatty acid chains, and one hydrophilic “head,” which is phosphate group.
What chemical structure is this?
phospholipids
What is the role of cholesterol?
helps your body make cell membranes, many hormones, and vitamin D.
What structure is this?
phospholipid bilayer
Which are the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts?
top head = hydrophilic
bottom legs = hydrophobic
What part of the plasma membrane is the glycocalyx?
top part
What molecules are involved in the glycocalyx?
proteoglycans
glycoproteins,
glycolipids
What are the differences between integral proteins and peripheral proteins?
Integral proteins are located between the inner and outer membrane
peripheral proteins are located on either the inner or outer membrane.
Not both!
What are the 3 main structural components of the cytoskeleton of the cell?
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
What are the cytoskeleton structural components made of?
protein actin
What is the function of cytoskeleton microtubules?
form the main portions of the cytoskeleton and change the shape of the cell
What is the function of cytoskeleton microfilaments?
anchors the cytoskeleton and interacts with other proteins
What is the function of cytoskeleton intermediate filaments?
straighten the cell
stabilized organelle and the position of the cell
How does a cell synthesize a protein?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis in a cell.
What process will a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution undergo?
they would rupture due to the influx of water
What is osmolarity?
total solute concentration
What is the process of osmosis?
movement of water
If a cell cannot run the Na+/K+ pump because it lacks ATP, Na+ will accumulate inside the cell and the concentration of Na+ in the cell will increase relative to the outside interstitial fluids. Why will the cell swell?
when this is higher than the osmolarity outside of the cell, water flows into the cell through osmosis.
What structure is this?
ATP
What are NAD/FADH? What do they do?
electron carriers during the process of cellular respiration.
How does the cytochrome chain generate the proton gradient across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion?
The electron transport chain
