Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adv Anes. Pharm Spring 2024 > Exam 1/ Lecture 1: Anesthesia Pharmacology > Flashcards

Exam 1/ Lecture 1: Anesthesia Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is anesthesia

A

Lack of feeling or sensation

Artificially induced loss of the ability to feel pain
To permit the performance of surgery or painful procedures

Slide 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lecture 1//17/23

What is the:

Lack of feeling or sensation

Artificially induced loss of the ability to feel pain
To permit the performance of surgery or painful procedures

A

Anesthesia

Slide 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

A drug-induced loss of consciousness

Patients are not arousable; even by painful stimulation
Intubated? On ventilator? Volatile anesthesia?

A

General Anesthesia

Slide 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

General Anesthesia

A

A drug-induced loss of consciousness

Patients are not arousable; even by painful stimulation
Intubated? On ventilator? Volatile anesthesia?

Slide 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

Independent ventilatory function often impaires what 3 things

A

Maintain patent airway
Positive pressure ventilation
Cardiovascular support

Slide 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of anesthesia:
* Insensibility caused by interrupting the sensory nerve conduction of a particular region of the body
* Level of consciousness is unchanged (unless sedatives are used)
* Ventilatory/airway protection is maintained

A

Regional Anesthesia

Slide 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe Regional Anesthesia

A
  • Insensibility caused by interrupting the sensory nerve conduction of a particular region of the body
  • Level of consciousness is unchanged (unless sedatives are used)
  • Ventilatory/airway protection is maintained

Slide 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What particular regions in the human body are use to cause an interruption in the sensory nerve conduction for regional Anesthesia

3 particular regions

A
  • Peripheral
  • Spinal
  • Epidural

Slide 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What type of sedation :
Reponsiveness - To verbal commands
Airway - Unaffacted
Spontaneous Ventilation - Unaffacted
Cardiovascular Function - Unaffacted

A

Minimal (Anxiolysis) Sedation

Slide 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What type of sedation :
Reponsiveness - To verbal/ touch
Airway - To assistiance needed
Spontaneous Ventilation - Adequate
Cardiovascular Function - Usually Maintained

A

Moderate Sedation

Slide 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What type of sedation :
Reponsiveness - After repeated or painful stimulation
Airway - Assistance might be required
Spontaneous Ventilation - Possibly inadequate
Cardiovascular Function - Usually maintained

A

Deep Sedation

Slide 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lecture 1/16/23

During the 4000BC - 400BC what were 5 agents use for anesthesia?

A
  • Plants…poppy, coca leaves
  • Acupuncture
  • Ethylene fumes from geologic fault lines beneath Apollo’s temple
  • Cannabis vapor
  • Carotid compression

Slide 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

In the earliest days of Anesthesia Pharmacology who was the person that accommodate the operator to avoid sinking down and turning away.

A

Hippocrates 460-377 BC

Slide 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

In the earliest days of Anesthesia Pharmacology who was the person that created the Materia Medica (pharmacology) that was authoritative for 15 centuries which Included 5 volumes; plants, animal and mineral products and 360 medical properties (antiseptic, anti-inflammatory).

A

Dioscorides 40-90 AD
(a surgeon in Nero’s army)

Slider 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

In the earliest days of Anesthesia Pharmacology mandragora and wine caused?

A

Hallucinogenes

Slide 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

The mandragora planet was described to have what type of shape and what other properties

A

Human Shape
Magical Properties

Slide 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

During the middle ages what were the 5 materials use on a sponge as anesthesia ?

A
  • ½ ounce opium
  • Juice of mandrake leaves
  • Juice of hemlock
  • 3 ounces of hyposcyamus (L-isomer of atropine)
  • Sufficient water

Slide 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What was the reversal agent for an anesthesia sponge used during the middle ages?

A

Vinegar

Slide 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

Who created Diethyl ether ?
What 2 agents were use to create Diethyl ether?

A
  • Valerius Cordus 1515-1544 (German botanist, physician)
  • Made from sulfuric acid and ethyl alcohol

Slide 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

The word “ether” derive from what language?

What is the root meaning of ether?

A

greek for ignite

Slide 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

Diethyl Ether was tested on what anminal?

A

Chickens

Slide 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why did diethyl ether become a recreational drug?

A

due to an increase in whiskey tax

Slide 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

Why was diethyl ether an inhalation agent?

A

due to access, IV material did not exist at thist time

Slide 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

Who are the 2 individual that created IV access?

A

Sir Christopher Wren
Robert Boyle
in the 1650’s

Slide 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle created IV therapy using what material?

A

goose quill

Slide 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What was the material that Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle adminstered to what type of animal?

A

Alcohol
dog’s vien

Slide 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the english chemist that discovered oxygen, nitrous oxide and photosynthesis?

A

Jospeh Priestly

Slide 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the british chemist that discovered potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium and suggested nitrous oxide be use for surgical pain control?

A

Humphry Davy

Slide 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the person that noticed that a man under the influence of N2O had no recall of pain/injury
Self administered for tooth extraction and uses on several dental patients?
They also arrange the administration of nitrous oxide at Mass General in 1845
“humbug”

A

Horace Wells

Slide 13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the occpation of Horace Wells?

A

Dentist

Slide 13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What year was nitrous oxide administered with air introduce?

A

1868

Slide 13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the Chicago surgeon that discovered that by combining nitrous oxide and oxygen the surgeon can prevent cyanosis

A

Andrews

Slide 13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

Who was the individual that created the 1st anesthesia machine with nitrous/oxygen?

A

Hewitt

Slide 13

34
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the indivdual that delivered ether to a patient that had 2 vascular neck tumors with whiskey?

A

Crawd Long 1842

Slide 14

35
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the dentist that use ether for denture fitting?

A

William Morton

Slide 14

36
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What year did the 1st successful public demonstration of ether, (called it Letheon)?

A

1846

Slide 15

37
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the doctor that develop the process for purifying ether (1856) and founded Squibb pharmaceuticals….leading manufacturer?

A

Dr. Robinson Squibb

Slide 15

38
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What are the disadvantages of using ether?

A
  • Flammable
  • Prolonged induction
  • Unpleasant, persistent odor
  • High incidence of nausea/vomiting

Slide 16

39
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the year that chloroform was independently discovered in the USA, France, Germany, and Great Britan?

A

1831

Slide 17

40
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the Scotland Obstertrician that define pain and experimented following a dinner party?

A

Sir James Simpson

Slide 17

41
Q

What year did the Scotland Obstertrician define pain and experimented following dinner party?

A

1847

Slide 17

42
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the doctor that use full anestheisa on the Queen Victoria during her deliver of prince Leopold and princess Beatrice and “discovered” epidemiology when he traced London cholera outbreak to water source?

A

Dr. John Snow

Slide 17

43
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What year did the Hyderaboad commission meet and why?

A

1888 and 1891
to evaluate the method in adminstering chloroform

Slide 18

44
Q

Who discovered that delaying chloroform would cause hepatotoxicity in children?

What year was this discovered?

A

Guthrie, 1894

Slide 18

45
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

Which doctor discovered that giving light chloroform anesthesia and adrenaline can be fatel in animals causing V. fib.?
What year was this discovered?

A

Levy,
1900

Slide 18

46
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the Viennese ophthalmologist that use cocaine as an anesthetic for eye surgery?

A

Dr. Koller 1857-1944 Viennese ophthalmologist (colleague of Sigmund Freud)
Anesthetic for eye surgery

Slide 19

47
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the doctor that did the first regional (mandibular) nerve block with cocaine?

A

Dr. Halsted 1852-1922

Slide 19

48
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the doctor that did the first spinal anesthetic with cocaine?

They also develop a particular block?

A

Dr. August Bier 1861-1949
1st spinal anesthetic with cocaine
Developed Bier block

Slide 19

49
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the first nurse anesthetist that was intelligent, focus and got paid pennys?

A

Sister Mary Bernard, 1877

Slide 20

50
Q

Lectuure 1/17/23

What is the name of the nurese anesthetist that is known as the “mother of anesthesia” and did 14,000 open drop ether cases without a death?

A

Alice Magaw 1860-1928

Slide 20

51
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the nurse anesthesia that open up one of 1st nurse anesthesia schools, taught in France, developed nitrous/oxygen techniques and founded AANA?

A

Agatha Hodgins 1877-1945

Slide 20

52
Q

Lecture / 17/23

What anesthetic causes violently explosive?

A

Cyclopropane 1934

Slide 21

53
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What anesthetic causes hepatitis and as a slow onset?

A

Halothane 1956

Slide 21

54
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What relatively safe anesthetic that causes, less nausea and vomiting with a quicker onset than halothane?

A

Isoflurane 1981

Slide 21

55
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What type of anesthetic as a rapid uptake and distribution, high vapor pressure, and take large quantity to achieve anesthesia?

A

Desflurane 1992

Slide 22

56
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the person that found that end- tidal concentration correlated to movement….MAC?

A

Edmund Egar
1960’s-1990’s

Slide 22

57
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the anesthetic that Intermediate action between isoflurane and desflurane?
It is unstable in soda lime with toxic degradation product concerns.
No new inhaled anesthetics since

A

Sevoflurane 1995 in US

Slide 22

58
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the triad of Anesthesia?

A

Amnesia
Analgesia
Muscle relaxtion

Slide 23

59
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What part of the triad stimulate inhibitory and inhibit stimulatory trransmissons by affecting the acetylcholine and GABA neurotransmitters?

A

Amnesia

Slide 25

60
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What was the 1st analgesia from opium in 1895?

A

Morphine

Slide 26

61
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

Why was analgesia initially not favorable?

A

due to the high death rate

Slide 26

62
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What are 5 different examples of analgesic agents that are use today?

A

Narcotics (opioids)
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors
Gabapentin (pregabalin)
Acetaminophen
Peripheral nerve blocks

Slide 26

63
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the first known muscle relaxation?

A

Curare
1942

Slide 27

64
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

True or False: muscle relaxation increase amount of anesthesia use during surgery which will decrease mortality rate.

A

False, Decreased amount of anesthesia due to relaxation

Slide 27

65
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What are the 4 ways to balance anesthesia or become stress free?

A

Muscle relaxation
Amnesia
Homeostasis
Analgesia

Slide 28

66
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the surgican that did cases less than 20 minutes which lead to his patient (s) death?

A

Dr. Liston

Slide 29

67
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the person that used light nitrous/ oxygen anesthesia at the cleveland clinic?

A

George Crile (1864-1943)

Slide 29

68
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What is the name of the person that use regional blocks prior to the patient emergence from ether and reorded anesthetic and BP/ HR messurements?

A

Harvey Cushing (1869-1939)

Slide 29

69
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What year was neurolept anesthesia establish?

A

1959…neurolept anesthesia

Slide 30

70
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What 3 classes of medication can be use in neurolept anesthesia?

A
  • Opioids
  • antipsychotics (Haldol, droperidol)
  • nitrous

Slide 30

71
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What year did surgical stimulation produced despite lack of movement attempting to maintain balance aneshesia?

A

1981

Slide 30

72
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What year was opioid sparing techniques use to attempt to balance anesthesia?

A

2000’s

Slide 30

73
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What phase of aneshesia use BZD, H1, and H2 blockers, and bronchodilators?

A

Preoperative period

Slide 31

74
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What phase of anesthia uses Etomidate, ketamine, propofol, and narcotics?

A

Induction of anesthesia

Slide 31

75
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

Which phase of anesthia uses inhalation drugs, neuromuscular blockers, prssors, and blockers?

A

Maintenance of anesthesia

Slide 31

76
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What phase of anesthesia uses NMB reversal, local anesthetics?

A

Emergence from anesthesia

Slide 31

77
Q

Lectue 1/17/23

What are the 4 statges of anesthesia?

A
  • Stage I: beginning of induction of general anesthesia to loss of consciousness
  • Stage II: loss of consciousness to onset of automatic breathing
  • Stage III: onset of automatic respiration to respiratory paralysis (surgical plane)
  • Stage IV: stoppage of respiration till death

Slide 34

78
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What are the 3 planes Stage 1: beginning of induction of general anesthesia to loss of consciousness?

A

1st plane: no amnesia or analgesia
2nd plane: amnestic but only partially analgesic
3rd plane: complete analgesia and amnesia

Slide 34

79
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What type of body functions take place during 2nd Stage of anesthesia which involve the loss of consciousness to onset of automatic breathing?

A

eyelash reflex disappears
coughing, vomiting, struggling may occur
irregular respirations with breath-holding

Slide 34

80
Q

Lecture 1/17/23

What are the 4 planes in Stage III: onset of automatic respiration to respiratory paralysis (surgical plane)?

A
  • 1st plane: automatic respiration to cessation of eyeball movements
  • 2nd plane: cessation of eyeball movements to beginning of intercostal muscle paralysis; secretion of tears increases
  • 3rd plane: beginning to completion of intercostal muscle paralysis; pupils dilate; desired plane prior to muscle relaxants
  • 4th plane: complete intercostal paralysis to diaphragmatic paralysis (apnea)

Slide 35

Adv Anes. Pharm Spring 2024 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions