Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Labratory IPAP 3-17 > Exam 1 Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hematology?

What division of the Lab is responsible for this?

A

Study of Blood and its disorders

-Clinical Pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

BMP stands for what and it is what type of lab panel?

A

Basic Metabolic Panel Type: Chemistry Panel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is included in a BMP?

A

Electrolytes and Kidney Function

  • Sodium (Na+)
  • Potassium (K+)
  • Chloride (Cl-)
  • Carbon Dioxide Content (CO2)
  • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
  • Serum Creatinine (Cr)
  • Serum Glucose (Glu)
  • Total Calcium (Calcium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

BMP is collected in what color tube and has what availability to be conducted?

A

-Light Green PST
-Gold SST
-Red
Available: 24/7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the BUN measure?

A

Amount of Urea Nitrogen in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where and How is urea formed?

A

Liver as end product of protein metabolism and transported to kidneys for excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does an increase in BUN indicate?

A
  • Decrease glomerular filtration
  • Increase tubular reabsorption
  • inadequate excretion
  • Increased production in the gut from ingested protein or blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the BUN interpreted in conjunction with?

A

Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The BUN and Creatinine tests are referred to as?

A

Renal Function Studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What role do clinical laboratory test play in patient care?

A

Detection, Diagnosis, Treatment of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do laboratory tests help determine?

A

Presence, Extent, or Absence of disease

Monitor Effectiveness of treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the primary and secondary function of the Clinical Laboratory? (Role of)

A

Primary: Generate Information
Secondary: Educate Providers and other staff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the rationale for ordering laboratory tests what are some recommendations as to why a lab test should be ordered?

A
  • Identify Changes in pt’s health
  • Diagnose a disease or condition
  • Plan treatment for disease or condition
  • Evaluate response to treatment
  • Monitor course of disease over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What affects lab results?

A
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Race
  • Medication/s
  • Pt compliance w/preparatory instructions
  • Variations in lab techniques
  • Variation from one lab to another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients, refers to what?

A

Evidence Based Medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the aspects that make up Evidence Based Medicine?

A
  • Individual Clinical Expertise
  • Best External Evidence
  • Patient Values and Expectations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the practice of Evidence Based Medicine mean?

A

Integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The overutilization of laboratory testing increases the likelihood of what? (inappropriate Lab Testing)

A
  • Incorrect Diagnosis
  • Increased Costs
  • Adverse Outcomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A ‘Good’ Type of Lab Test will provide what information?

A

Useful information in patient management decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A ‘Bad’ Type of Lab Test will provide what information?

A

Non Useful information in patient management decisions and uses valuable resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

An ‘Ugly’ Type of Lab Test will provide what information?

A

Misleading or irrelevant information and uses valuable resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A ‘Good’ Screening Lab test has what type of Sensitivity and Predictive Value?

A

High Sensitivity

Negative Predictive Value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A ‘Good’ Diagnosis’ Lab Test has what type of Specificity and Predictive Value?

A

High Specificity

Positive Predictive Value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the Basic Organizational Structure of the Laboratory?

A
  • Medical Director/Laboratory Director (MD, DO, PhD)
    • Laboratory Manager/Supervisor (MLS(ASCP)^CM)
  • Anatomic Pathology, Support Services, Clinical Pathology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is provided by Support Services in the Laboratory?

A
  • Central Process/Client Services
  • Phlebotomy
  • Clerical Services
  • Laboratory Information Systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Anatomical Pathology is responsible for what type of services/testing?

A

Histology
Cytology
Autopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Clinical Pathology is responsible for what type of services/testing?

A 
Microbiology
Hematology
Urinalysis
Serology
Chemistry
Immunohematology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Microbiology section is responsible for what lab tests?

A 
Cultures/Sensitivity
Gram Stain
Parasitology
Mycology
Virology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hematology section is Responsible for what lab tests?

A

CBC
ESR
Coagulation
Body Fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Urinalysis section is Responsible for what lab tests?

A

Routine UA

HCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Serology section is Responsible for what lab tests?

A

Ab titer
Immune function
Autoimmune disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Chemistry section is Responsible for what lab tests?

A

Clinical Chemistry

  • Routine Profiles
  • Urine Chemistry
  • CSF Chemistry
  • TDM
  • Toxicology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Immunohematology section is Responsible for what lab tests?

A

Blood Bank
Blood Donation
Therapeutic Phlebotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define Histology.

What division of the Lab is responsible for this?

A

Study of the microscopic anatomy (examination of) cells and tissues
-Anatomic Pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define Cytology.

What division of the Lab is responsible for this?

A

Study of cells in terms of Structure, Function, and Chemistry
-Anatomic Pathology

36
Q

What does Hematology specifically look at in the lab sample?

A

-Blood Components (Cell counts, Blood Cells, Bone Marrow Cells)

37
Q

Hematology aids in the diagnosis of what disorders/diseases?

A

Anemia
Hemophilia
Blood-Clotting Disorders
Leukemia

38
Q

What division of the lab conducts routine urine screening tests and these tests aid in detection of what?

A

Clinical Pathology: Urinalysis section

-Detection: Disease related to Kidneys and Urinary Tract

39
Q

The Clinical Pathology Division, Chemistry section uses what type of process to measure what of the blood?

A

Uses Chemical Processes to measure levels of chemical components of the blood

40
Q

What are the most common specimen tested by the Chemistry section of the Clinical Pathology division?

A

Blood and Urine

41
Q

What Section of the Clinical Pathology division of the is able to conduct tests for the hormones, Cortisol, Thyroxine (T4), TSH, FSH, ACTH, Growth Hormones? Which Endocrine glands produce each of these?

A

Chemistry section

  • Cortisol: Adrenal Glands
  • Thyroxine (T4), TSH: Thyroid or Parathyroid Gland
  • FSH, ACTH, Growth Hormones: Pituitary Gland
42
Q

What can raised or lowered levels of certain hormones indicate?

A

Over-or-under activity of those glands

43
Q

What section of the Clinical Pathology section conducts tests for levels of lipids?

A

Chemistry

44
Q

What are lipids and what can they signal?

A

Fatty substances that can help signal coronary heart disease and liver disease with increased levels

  • Triglycerides (Body Fat)
  • Phospholipids (Part of Cell Membrane)
  • Sterols (Cholesterol)
45
Q

Cholesterol tests can signal what?
HDL; LDL, can estimate risk for what?
Triglycerides together w/what can help indicate risk for what?

A

Cholesterol: Coronary Heart Disease
HDL;LDL: Coronary Heart Disease
Triglycerides w/levels of cholesterol, indicate risk for Coronary Heart Disease

46
Q

The chemistry section of the clinical pathology division can measure metabolic substances to evaluate organ function; BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) and Uric Acid are used to evaluate what organs?

A

BUN: Kidney or Liver Function

Uric Acid: Can Signal Gout; Kidney Disease, other tissue damage

47
Q

What can Proteins in lab tests indicate? Chemistry Section

A

Metabolic Disorders
Nutritional Disorders
Certain Cancers

48
Q

What protein can signal Liver or Kidney disease, or Malnutrition?

A

Albumin

49
Q

What protein can signal infection or inflammation and certain blood cancers?

A

Globulins

50
Q

Enzymes are released into the blood by what and the level and type of enzyme released can indicate what?

A

Released by: Organs

Indicate: Organ Affected

51
Q

The Enzyme Creatine Kinase can signal what?

A

Heart Damage from Heart Attack

52
Q

The Enzyme Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate or Aminotransferase (AST) can signal what?

A

Liver Disorders

53
Q

The Enzyme Amylase and Lipase can signal what?

A

Inflammation or Cancer of the Pancreas

54
Q

What section of the Clinical Pathology Division ensures donated blood or blood products are safe?

A

Transfusion Services

55
Q

What is included to ensure the blood products are safe for transfusion?

A

Blood Type and cross

Testing for infectious diseases

56
Q

What Ag’s and Ab’s are present on the blood types, A, B, AB, and O? Which is considered a universal recipient and which is considered a universal donor?

A

A: Ag-A, Ab-B
B: Ag-B, Ab-A
AB: Ag-AB, Ab-None, Universal Recipient
O: Ag-None, Ab-AB, Universal Donor

57
Q

Defined: The Study of disease-causing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses)

A

Microbiology

58
Q

What section of the Clinical Pathology division of the lab is responsible for identifying infectious agents in blood, urine, sputum, feces, CSF and other body fluids?

A

Microbiology

59
Q

What are the various techniques used by the microbiology section to identify infectious agents?

A

Cultures
Chemical, Immunological, and genetic tests
Examination under a microscope
Staining

60
Q

What test is used to diagnose bacterial infections of the blood?

A

Blood Culture

61
Q

What test is used to identify disease-causing organisms and test for effectiveness of antibiotics?

A

Culture and Sensitivity of burns and wounds

62
Q

What test can be used to identify lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia?

A

Sputum Culture

63
Q

What test can be used to identify bacteria causing GI upset or parasites that cause disease (i.e. pinworms)?

A

Stool Culture

64
Q

A urine culture test can be used to identify what?

A

Disease-causing organisms in the kidney and urinary tract

65
Q

Defined: The study of the body’s immune system and its functions and disorders.

A

Immunology

66
Q

Defined: The study of blood serum.

A

Serology

67
Q

Immunology and Serology section of the lab are part of what lab division?

A

Clinical Pathology

68
Q

What do Immunology and serology tests focus on?

A
  • Identifying Ab’s
  • Investigating problems w/the immune system
  • Determine organ compatibility
69
Q

What test conducted by the Immunology and Serology section of the lab can determine the state of an immunodeficiency and certain cancers?

A

Immunoglobins

70
Q

Rheumatoid Factor test is used for what?

A

To Classify arthritis and diagnose rheumatoid arthritis

71
Q

Infectious diseases test for what?

A

Ab response

72
Q

What is used to diagnose syphilis, which then must be confirmed with a more specific test?

A

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)

73
Q

What is used to determine compatibility in organ transplantation, to determine paternity and to diagnose HLA-related disorders?

A

HLA Typing (Human Leukocyte Antigens)

74
Q

What are the different sites of conducting lab tests?

A 
Central Lab
Satellite Lab
Point of Care Testing
Reference Laboratory
Provider Office
75
Q

What defined the educational requirements, training, and competency requirements for personnel in the clinical laboratory?

A

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)

76
Q

Who is considered to have ownership of the lab?

A

Pathologist or PhD

77
Q

Name the Primary Laboratory Accrediting Organizations?

A

Commission on Office Lab Accreditation (COLA)
College of American Pathologists (CAP)
The Joint Commission (JTC)
American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)
Clinical And Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI)

78
Q

What established quality standards for laboratories to ensure the accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of patient test results regardless of where the test is performed? By how much did deficiencies decrease?

A

1988 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)

-40%

79
Q

What are the Three phases of testing as part of the CLIA in the quality standards for laboratory testing?

A
  1. Before Testing (Test Ordering and Specimen Collection)
  2. During Testing (Control testing, test performance, and results interpretation and recording)
  3. After Testing (Result reporting, Documentation, Confirmatory Testing, and Biohazard Waste Disposal)
80
Q

From the CLIA ‘88 four categories of test complexity were established, what are the four categories and who determined them?

A

Determined by: FDA

  • Minimal Complexity (AKA Waived Testing)
  • Provider Performed Microscopy (Subcategory of Moderate Complexity Testing)
  • Moderate Complexity
  • High Complexity
81
Q

Name the criteria used for the classification of testing complexity? (From CLIA ‘88)

A
  1. Risk of Harm to Patient
  2. Risk of an Erroneous Result
  3. Type of Testing Method Used
  4. Degree of Independent Judgment and Interpretation
  5. Availability of the Test for Home Use
82
Q

What tests are cleared by the FDA for Home use?

A

Waived Tests (Minimal Complexity)

83
Q

What tests employ methodologies that are so simple and accurate as to render the likelihood of erroneous results negligible?

A

Waived Tests (Minimal Complexity)

84
Q

What test complexity level poses no reasonable risk of harm to the patient if the test is performed incorrectly?

A

Waived Tests (Minimal Complexity)

85
Q

Give some examples of Waived Testing?

A
  • Dipstick or Tablet Reagent Urinalysis
  • Fecal Occult Blood
  • Ovulation Tests
  • Urine Pregnancy Tests
  • Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
  • Hemoglobin
  • Most “Bed Side” Testing

Clinical Labratory IPAP 3-17 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions