Exam 1: lecture 1 Flashcards
Roentgen submitted a report along with the x-ray of his wife’s hand to the society of Physics and Medical Science at the Unversity of _____?
Wurzburg
_____ as a result from radiation was first reported in 1896.
Skin damage
____ defined as a method of transporting energy through space, distinguished by wavelength, frequency, and energy. So in basic terms, how energy passes through space and matter.
Electromagnetic radiation
_____ is described as the number of wave cycles that pass a single stationary point per second.
Frequency
Frequency is measured in _____.
Hertz
Wavelengths are measured in _____.
Nanometers
Higher the frequency=
More penetrating power
Shorter wavelength=
Greater energy
Greater energy=
More penetrating power
_____ results when fast moving particles bump into matter.
X-rays
The x-ray tube is made of what two electrodes:
Cathode and Anode
Electrons have a negative charge when located at the _____
Cathode
Because of their negative electric charge, the electrons are pulled toward the ______
Positive anode
When the electrons interact with the positive anode, a large amount of _____ is produced.
Energy
The energy produced by the collision is divided into what two categories:
1% forms x-rays
99% released as heat
Electrons are released when the wire filament is _____.
Heated
The filament is made of tungsten because it has what?
Very high melting point
The metal casing that surrounds the tube prevents?
Stray radiation from escaping
Source of electrons
The cathode
The cathode contains a wire filament that is heated by a _____ circuit.
Low-energy
The amount of electrons that are produced is dependent of the amount of?
Heat applied to the filament
The number of electrons produced in the electron cloud is under the control of milliamperes by controlling the?
Temperature of the cathode filament.
_____ is defined as the amount of electrical energy being applied to the anode and cathode to accelerate electrons from the cathode to the anode.
Kilovoltage
The Kilovoltage peak determines?
The penetrating power of the x-ray beam
Is the measurement of the energy produced by the electrons traveling across the tube. Determines the quality and intensity of the beam.
Kilovoltage peak (kVp)
The anode can withstand ____ temperatures.
High
The area on the target within the anode that the electrons hit is known as the?
Focal spot
The size of the focal spot is related to the ____ of the image.
Sharpness
The two main types of anodes:
- Stationary
2. Rotating
The stationary type of anode is not designed to?
Withstand high heat
The variation in intensity of the primary beam is known as the?
Heel effect
With the rotating type of anode, the intensity is greater towards the ____ side.
Cathode
The distance from the target to the film?
Focal film distance
The distance between the object being imaged and the film?
Object film distance
The degree of blackness of the radiograph?
Radiographic density
The difference in density between two areas on the radiograph?
Radiographic contrast
Should you put the thicker portion of the animal near the anode side or the cathode side?
Thickest part should be located toward the cathode.
In what situation/settings do you think the heel effect would be more noticeable? Why?
Large film size (large area covered): more area to cover, short source to image distance (focal film distance).
Low kVp: less electrons reaching the anode.
Determines the penetrating power of the x-ray?
Kilovoltage (kVp)
Determines the amount of radiation produced?
Milliamperage (mA)
Determines the total number of x-rays and the time they can be released from the x-ray tube to expose the film.
Milliamperage-second (mAs)
Refers to the side the animal is lying on.
Example: Rt L= lying on right side
Lateral (beam direction)
Beam direction where the beam enters the ventral side and exits the dorsal side. (belly up/back down)
Ventrodorsal (VD)
Beam direction where the beam enters the dorsal side and exits the ventral side (belly down/back up)
Dorsoventral (DV)
Obliques usually refers to the?
Limbs
Tips for good radiographs:
- Minimize radiation exposure
- Use a caliper to measure the area to be radiographed.
- Position film as close as possible to the area being radiographed.
A caliper measures the area in _____?
Centimeters
Other forms of electromagnetic radiation include:
Gamma rays, radio waves, visible light
X-rays have shorter _____ than visible light.
Wavelengths
Electron acceleration is controlled by?
kVp
The number of electrons produced is controlled by?
mA
The acceleration of electrons from cathode to anode is controlled by?
kVp
The smaller the ___, the less heat is lost.
Focal spot
The smaller the focal spot, the ____ the image.
Clearer
