Exam 1 learning objectives

Question 2

What are the two categories of biological theories of aging?

Answer 2

Nonstochastic (predetermined) and stochastic (random damage) theories.

Question 3

What is the neuroendocrine theory of aging?

Answer 3

A failure of the pituitary and hypothalamus leads to breakdown of body regulation and eventually death.

Question 4

What is the immunity theory of aging?

Answer 4

The immune system declines after young adulthood, increasing risks of infections, immune disorders, and cancer.

Question 5

What is the wear and tear theory of aging?

Answer 5

Organs and systems wear out over time due to increased metabolic functioning.

Question 6

What are some key physiological changes in both males and females in middle adulthood?

Answer 6

Dry skin, wrinkles, decreased cardiac output, muscle mass loss, decreased senses, increased fatigue.

Question 7

What is andropause?

Answer 7

A gradual decline in androgen levels in males, with reduced sexual potency.

Question 8

What is menopause?

Answer 8

A decrease in ovarian function and estrogen/progesterone levels, leading to hot flashes, mood swings, and the end of menstruation.

Question 9

What risks increase after menopause?

Answer 9

Osteoporosis and heart disease.

Question 10

At what age does menopause typically occur?

Answer 10

Between ages 40-55.

Question 11

How is cognitive development in middle adulthood typically affected?

Answer 11

Increased motivation to learn, especially applicable knowledge; strong problem-solving skills.

Question 12

What psychosocial stage does Erikson associate with middle adulthood?

Answer 12

Generativity vs. stagnation.

Question 13

What are the tasks of Erikson’s middle adulthood stage?

Answer 13

Guide next generation, accept changes, support aging parents, reevaluate goals.

Question 14

What happens if Erikson’s middle adulthood tasks are not achieved?

Answer 14

Adults may become self-centered and preoccupied with their own needs.

Question 15

What does Havighurst say about middle adulthood?

Answer 15

Success means accepting physical changes, maintaining a job, helping children grow, and adjusting to aging parents.

Question 16

What is Levinson’s view on middle adulthood?

Answer 16

People either continue current lifestyles or enter a midlife transition and reassess.

Question 17

According to Gould, what happens at ages 35-43?

Answer 17

Adults look inward.

Question 18

What happens in Gould’s stage of 43–50 years?

Answer 18

Adults accept the finite nature of life.

Question 19

What happens in Gould’s stage of 50–60 years?

Answer 19

Adults feel increased self-satisfaction and concern for health.

Question 20

What relational changes can occur in middle adulthood?

Answer 20

Changing jobs,children become caregivers
, caring for aging parents.

Question 21

What is the conventional level of moral development?

Answer 21

Doing what’s right based on rules and expectations of others.

Question 22

What is the postconventional level of moral development?

Answer 22

Doing what’s right based on personal values and universal principles.

Question 23

What age group is considered the ‘youngest old’?

Answer 23

65-74 years.

Question 24

What age group is the ‘middle old’?

Answer 24

75-84 years.

Question 25

What age group is the 'oldest old'?

Answer 25

85 years and older.

Question 26

What cognitive conditions affect older adults?

Answer 26

Dementia, delirium, and depression.

Question 27

What is dementia?

Answer 27

A progressive decline in cognitive function.

Question 28

What is delirium?

Answer 28

An acute and often reversible state of confusion.

Question 29

What is depression in older adults?

Answer 29

A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness.

Question 30

What is reminiscence and why is it important?

Answer 30

Reflecting on life experiences to achieve ego integrity.

Question 31

What are common family adjustments in older adulthood?

Answer 31

Role reversals, retirement, and changing sense of purpose.

Question 32

What is gerotranscendence?

Answer 32

A shift toward a more spiritual, peaceful, and transcendent perspective.

Question 33

What are common chronic conditions in older adults?

Answer 33

Hypertension, arthritis, heart disease, cancer, diabetes.

Question 34

What are common accidental injuries among older adults?

Answer 34

Falls.

Question 35

What are the 3 Ds of cognitive decline?

Answer 35

Dementia, delirium, depression.

Question 36

What is elder physical abuse?

Answer 36

Intentional use of force resulting in injury.

Question 37

What is elder sexual abuse?

Answer 37

Unwanted or forced sexual contact.

Question 38

What is elder emotional abuse?

Answer 38

Verbal or nonverbal actions causing fear or distress.

Question 39

What is financial elder abuse?

Answer 39

Illegal or improper use of an older adult’s resources.

Question 40

What is elder neglect?

Answer 40

Failure to meet basic needs or protect from harm.

Question 41

What is functional health?

Answer 41

The ability to remain self-reliant and maintain independence.

Question 42

What is gerontologic nursing?

Answer 42

Nursing focused on the aging population to promote health and independence.

Question 43

What are key nursing actions to promote older adult health?

Answer 43

Encouraging activity, education, screenings, family collaboration.

Question 44

What is recommended diet for older adults?

Answer 44

Balanced, low fat/cholesterol, appropriate calorie intake.

Question 45

Why is it important to allow independence in older adults?

Answer 45

To maintain dignity, self-esteem, and function.

Question 46

How can nurses support families of older adults?

Answer 46

Provide education, prevent complications, and include them in planning.

Question 47

True or False: Incontinence is a normal part of aging.

Answer 47

False. It usually has an underlying cause.

Question 48

True or False: Most older adults are lonely.

Answer 48

False. Many participate actively in social life.

Question 49

True or False: Older adults are not interested in sex.

Answer 49

False. Many remain sexually active.

Question 50

True or False: Older adults can't learn new things.

Answer 50

False. Many continue to adapt and learn.

Question 51

True or False: Mental deterioration is normal with age.

Answer 51

False. Intelligence and personality typically do not decline.

Question 52

True or False: Most older adults are sick.

Answer 52

False. Many report good to excellent health.

Question 53

What are Maslow's five levels of human needs?

Answer 53

Physiologic, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization.

Question 54

What are examples of physiologic needs?

Answer 54

Food, water, oxygen, rest, temperature regulation.

Question 55

What are safety needs according to Maslow?

Answer 55

Protection from harm, physical safety.

Question 56

What is love and belonging in Maslow's hierarchy?

Answer 56

Feeling understood, accepted, and connected to others.

Question 57

What is self-esteem in Maslow's hierarchy?

Answer 57

Feeling good about oneself, self-worth.

Question 58

What is self-actualization?

Answer 58

Reaching one's full potential.

Question 59

What are characteristics of a basic human need?

Answer 59

Influence behavior, feelings, and values.

Question 60

How do nurses use Maslow’s hierarchy?

Answer 60

To prioritize care based on unmet needs.

Question 61

What are nursing interventions for physiologic needs?

Answer 61

Administer oxygen, assist with eating, monitor vitals.

Question 62

What are nursing interventions for safety needs?

Answer 62

Hand hygiene, safe med administration, prevent falls.

Question 63

What are nursing interventions for love/belonging needs?

Answer 63

Include family, foster communication.

Question 64

What are nursing interventions for self-esteem?

Answer 64

Respect patient values, encourage independence.

Question 65

What are nursing interventions for self-actualization?

Answer 65

Provide education, support goals.

Question 66

How is 'family' defined in nursing?

Answer 66

People living together who depend on each other.

Question 67

What is a nuclear family?

Answer 67

Traditional two-parent household with or without children.

Question 68

What is a blended family?

Answer 68

Families with children from previous relationships.

Question 69

What is a single-parent family?

Answer 69

One parent raising children alone.

Question 70

What is an extended family?

Answer 70

Relatives beyond the immediate family, like grandparents.

Question 71

What are family functions?

Answer 71

Physical care, economic support, reproduction, emotional support, and socialization.

Question 72

What is a community?

Answer 72

A population sharing common interests, values, or location.

Question 73

What is community health nursing?

Answer 73

Focus on population-wide health needs (e.g., immunizations).

Question 74

What is community-based nursing?

Answer 74

Individual/family-centered care in the community (e.g., home wound care).

Question 75

What are examples of nursing interventions for family health?

Answer 75

Education, referrals, risk factor assessment.

Question 76

What are stage-specific interventions for couples with children?

Answer 76

Prenatal classes, screenings, safety guidance.

Question 77

What are interventions for families with young adults?

Answer 77

Sex ed, mental health support, screenings.

Question 78

What are interventions for middle-aged families?

Answer 78

Chronic illness screenings, BP checks.

Question 79

What is environmental health?

Answer 79

The impact of surroundings (air, water, climate) on health.

Question 80

What are the UN Sustainable Development Goals?

Answer 80

17 goals promoting a healthier, more sustainable future.