Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anesth Pharm > Exam 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Exam 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is anesthesia

A

Lack of feeling/sensation.

Artificially induced loss of ability to feel pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is general anesthesia

A

Drug-induced loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Patients are not arousable even to painful stimulation with this type of anesthetic

A

General anesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is regional anesthesia

A

Insensibility caused by interrupting the sensory nerve conduction of a particular region of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the different types of Regional blocks

A

Peripheral
Spinal
Epidural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do spinal and epidural blocks differ

A

Spinal is within the intrathecal space, giving medication where the CSF is.

Epidural is not in the CSF, it is outside the Dura in a potential space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does regional anesthesia effect the ventilation and level of consciousness

A

Level of consciousness is unchanged (unless sedatives are used) and ventilators/airway protection maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who wrote Materia Medica

A

Dioscorides (a general in Nero’s army)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the Mandragora aka mandrake

A

Hallucinogen, human shaped, magical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who invented IV access and what did they use?

A

Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle. They used a goose quill to access a dogs vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the reversal for soporifics

A

Vinegar. Vinegar is similar to modern day smelling salts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diethyl ether “ignite” in Greek was utilized by

A

Valerius Cordus German botanist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ingredients of diethyl ether

A

Sulfuric acid and ethyl alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why was diethyl ether used recreationally

A

It was used recreationally due to whiskey tax of the time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who discovered oxygen and nitrous oxide as well as photosynthesis

A

Joseph Priestly an English chemist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who suggested NO for surgical pain control

A

Humphry Davy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who noticed pt under N2O had no recall of pain/injury

A

Horace Wells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Humphry Davy know to have discovered

A

Elements such as potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Horace Wells arranged a demonstration of nitrous oxide administration for an amputation. Why was this demonstration unsuccessful

A

He wanted to show that nitrous oxide was useful for general anesthesia. The observers did not believe it was effective due to the patient being able to move and be aware of events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was nitrous originally given with and how did this alter its effects

A

Nitrous was given with air up until about 1868. It is believed that some of the general anesthetic effect was related to hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Andrews know for

A

Andrews, a Chicago surgeon, was the first to mix nitrous with oxygen. This led to anesthesia without cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hewitt is know for what

A

Hewitt is know for making the first anesthesia machine with nitrous/oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Crawford Long is known for what

A

Delivering ether for a patient with 2 vascular neck tumors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What was the limitation of Crawford Long’s procedure

A

He used whiskey as well. Difficult to determine if whiskey or ether provides anesthetic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who held 1st public demonstration of ether

A

William Morton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

After the ether demonstration in 1846 how long did it take for ether to be in widespread use in England

A

60 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who developed pure ether

A

Dr Robinson Squibb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Disadvantage of ether

A

Flammable, odor, N/V, prolonged induction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which country discovered chloroform

A

It was discovered independently in USA, German, Great Britain and France

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sir James Simpson is known for

A

Defining pain as something that is either causing actual potential tissue damage

31
Q

Dr John Snow discovered what

A

Epidemiology by tracing cholera outbreak to water source

32
Q

Why was chloroform controversial

A

Chloroform was controversial d/t deaths in healthy patients

33
Q

What did Hyderabad commissions determine

A

They determined that hypoxia is was led to apnea

34
Q

Levy found that light chloroform use led to

A

Increased adrenaline via SNS stimulation which led to fatal VF in animals.

35
Q

Dr Koller used what anesthetic for eye surgery

A

Cocaine

36
Q

Dr Halsted is known for

A

Being the 1st to use cocaine for a regional block

37
Q

Dr August Bier is best known for

A

Being the first to use cocaine for spinal anesthesia. He also invented the Bier block

38
Q

First nurse anesthetist

A

Sister Mary Bernard

39
Q

Mother of anesthesia

A

Alice Magaw

40
Q

Who opened the first nurse anesthesia school and also founded the AANA

A

Alice Hodgins

41
Q

Cyclopropane

A

Violently explosive. Not beneficial to ether.

42
Q

Halothane drawbacks and upside

A

Cons: Hepatitis, slow onset.
Pros: caused decent bronchodilation.

43
Q

Isoflurane was a huge advancement in the field. Why was it so substantial

A

It is relatively safe/stable. Less N/V. Also has a quicker onset than halothane. Volatile of choice for hearts

44
Q

Pros of desflurane

A

Rapid onset/offset

45
Q

Cons of desflurane

A

High vapor pressure. Large quantities to achieve anesthesia

46
Q

Sevoflurane

A

Intermediate action between iso and desflurane. Unstable in soda lime.

47
Q

What is included in the triad

A

Amnesia, don’t want to remember surgery.
Analgesia, don’t want to feel surgery.
Muscle relaxation, ease of doctor to operate.

48
Q

What is stimulated and inhibited with amnesia

A

Stimulated: acetylcholine
Inhibit: GABA

49
Q

Todays analgesics

A

Narcotics (opioids), COX Inhibitors, Gabapentin (pregabalin), Tylenol, peripheral nerve blocks.

50
Q

Why was morphine not initially in favor

A

High death rate d/t resp depression

51
Q

What is meant by balanced or stress free anesthesia

A

Homeostasis is included with triad. Decrease stress on body ex. Prevent increases in HR/BP with incision

52
Q

Who had 3 deaths in one case

A

Dr Liston

53
Q

Who used preemptive analgesia in the form of local administration of procaine

A

George Crile

54
Q

Who utilized regional blocks prior to emergence from ether?

A

Harvey Cushing

55
Q

Besides the timing of his regional blocks what was Dr Harvey Cushing known for

A

Keeping anesthetic records, BP/HR measurements

56
Q

What is neurolept anesthesia

A

Altered brain via opioids, antipsychotics (Haldol, droperidol), nitrous. Blocked autonomic and endocrine response to stress.

57
Q

Downside to neurolept anesthesia

A

High incidence of awareness, extrapyramidal movement, dysphoria

58
Q

Surgical stimulation produced what signs despite lack of movement

A

Tachycardia, HTN

59
Q

Meds during preop

A

BZD, H1/H2 blockers, bronchodilators

60
Q

Induction meds

A

Etomidate, ketamine, prop, narcs

61
Q

Maintenance of anesthesia drugs include

A

Inhalation drugs, NMB, pressors or blockers

62
Q

Emergence drugs

A

NMB reversal, local anesthetics

63
Q

How many Stages of anesthesia

A

Ideally 3. Stage 1,2,3. Stage 4 is untoward.

64
Q

What is defined as stage 1 of anesthesia

A

Beginning of induction of general anesthesia to LOC

65
Q

List and describe the three planes of Stage 1

A

1st plane: no amnesia/analgesia
2nd plane: amnestic but only partially analgesic
3rd plane: complete analgesia and amnesia

66
Q

Describe stage 2 of anesthesia

A

Loss of consciousness to onset of automatic breathing

67
Q

What things might be witnessed in stage 2

A

Eyelash reflex disappears
Coughing, vomiting, struggling may occur
Irregular respirations with breath holding.

68
Q

Describe stage 3 of anesthesia

A

Onset of automatic respiration to respiratory paralysis (surgical plane)

69
Q

Describe Plane 1 of Stage 3

A

1st plane: automatic respiration to cessation of eyeball movement.

70
Q

Describe Plane 2 of Stage 3

A

2nd plane: cessation of eyeball movement to beginning of intercostal muscle paralysis; secretions of tears increases.

71
Q

Describe Plane 3 of Stage 3

A

3rd plane: beginning to completion of intercostal muscle paralysis; pupils dilate; desired plane prior to muscle relaxants.

72
Q

Describe Plane 4 of Stage 3

A

4th Plane: complete intercostal paralysis to diaphragmatic paralysis (apnea)

73
Q

What is Stage 4 of anesthesia

A

Stoppage of respiration till death

Anesth Pharm (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions