Exam 1: intro to A&P, cells and tissues Flashcards
regional anatomy
examination of structures found within a particular area of the body
gross anatomy
study of structues (organs/ tissues) without the need for a microscope
systemic anatomy
examinantion of all the structures within a particular body system
surface anatomy
study of internal structures as they relate to the body surface; important part of a physical exam
microscopic anatomy
anatomical study of structures that need magnification in order to be seen
cytology
study of cells
histology
the study of tissues ( a group of 2 or more cells that have a common function)
types of tissues
connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve
developmental anatomy
the study of structural changes the occur from conception trough old age
pre- embryo
from conception through the end of the third week of gestation; includes the zygote, morula, blastocyst, and gastrula stages
zygote
fusion of male and female pronuclei to form a diploid fertilized egg
morula
at 2-3 days post fertilization, 16 cell mass
blastocyst
at 3-4 days post fertilization hollow ball of cells, implantation into uterus occurs at 6-7days post fertilization
gastrula
at week 3- formation of the 3 primary germ layers
list what each primary germ layer gives rise to
ectoderm: nervous system, skin
mesoderm: muscle, connective tissues
endoderm: epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems and associated glands
embryology
4th - 8th weeks of gestation in which all of the organ system are formed
fetology
9th week to time of birth, growth of differentiation of tissues and organ systems
pathological anatomy
the study of anatomic changes that occur as a result of a disease process
principle of complementary structure and function
structure is a reflection of function. anatomy and physiology go hand in hand.
levels of structural organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
integumentary system
protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous (pain, pleasures, etc) receptors, and sweat and oil glands
skeletal system
protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement, create blood cells and store minerals
muscular system
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. maintains posture and produces heat
nervous system
fast acting control system center. responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands
endocrine system
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
thyroid gland, thymus, overy/testis, pancreas, etc
cardiovascular system
blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, and wastes.
lymphatic system
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. houses WBC involved in immunity. ie. immune system
respiratory system
keeps blood supplied w/ oxygen and CO2 during gas exchange through air sacs of the lungs
digestive system
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
urinary system
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
male/ female reproductive systems
produce offspring and male/ female sex hormones
effector
carries out the control center’s response to the stimulus
efferent vs afferent pathway
afferent pathway sends info to the control center and efferent pathway sends info to the effector
compare epithelial to connective tissue
epithelial tissue is derived from all 3 germ layers, is avascular, cell rich/ matrix poor, and comprised of homogenous cells
connective tissue is derived only from the mesoderm, has varying degrees of vascularity, is extracellular matrix rich and relatively cell poor, and has heterogenous mix of cells
simple squamous (function and location)
function: diffusion, filtration, secretion
location: alveoli of the lungs, filtration membrane of kidneys, lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, heart vessels, serous membranes
simple cubodial (function and location)
function: secretion and absorption
location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of glands, surface of the ovaries
simple columnar (function and location)
may have cilia, microvilli, or goblet cells
function: absorption, secretion of mucus/ other substances, ciliated- propels mucus
location:
non ciliated- lines digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands.
ciliated- lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, some areas of the uterus
pseudostratified columnar (function and location)
function: secrete substances, particularly mucus. propels mucus by ciliary action
location:
ciliated- lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
non ciliated- sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
stratified squamous (location and function)
function: protection
location:
keratinized- epidermis of the skin
non keratinized- esophagus, mouth, vagina
transitional (location and function)
function: stretches readily, permits distention of an organ
location: ureter lining, bladder, urethra
rare
stratified cuboidal (function and location)
function: protection, some secretion
locations: ducts of adult sweat glands and mammary glands, salivary glands, portions of male urethra
rare
stratified columnar (function and location)
function: protection and some secretion
location: pharynx, male urethra, lining ducts of some glands, eye/ conjunctiva, tongue
simple duct structure with tubular secretory structure
simple tubular: (ex- intestinal gland)
simple branched tubular: (ex- stomach glands)
compound duct structure and tubular secretory structure
compound tubular: ex- duodenal glands of small intestine
simple duct structure with alveolar secretory structure
simple alveolar- no important examples in humans
simple branched alveolar- ex: sebaceous (oil) glands
compound duct structure and alveolar secretory structure
compound alveolar- ex: mammary glands
compound tubuloalveolar- ex: salivary glands
merocrine gland
secrete their products via exocytosis
ex- salivary, sweat, pancreatic glands
apocrine glands
accumulate secretion beneath apical surface. the apical portion of the cell pinches off
ex- axial, inguinal areas
holocrine glands
entire secretory cell ruptures and dies, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments
ex- oil/ sebaceous glands, meibomian gland
collagen fibers
composition: made of collagen (fibrous protein)
structure: course straight bundles, no branching
tensile strength: High
elasticity: Low
Distribution: in most connective tissue, abundant where strength is needed
elastic fibers
composition: made of elastin
structure: thin, long branching fibers
tensile strength: Low
elasticity: High
Distribution: wherever elasticity is important (ie. dermis, lungs, blood vessel walls)
reticular fibers
composition: collagen fibrils w/ proteoglycans, glycoproteins and carbohydrates
structure: short, thin, fine, branching network of fibers
tensile strength: low
elasticity: Low
Distribution: in supporting system of soft organs (spleen), bone marrow
“-blast” vs “-cyte”
-blast: undifferentiated state with no specific structure or function. responsible for secreting ground substance
-cyte: maintain the matrix
catalytic proteins
the receptor is an inactive enzyme that becomes activated when the ligand binds to it. ex: intestinal epithelial cell receptors
chemically gated ion channels
the receptor is a closed ion channel that opens when a ligands binds to it
ex- skeletal muscle cells
G- protein linked receptors steps
- ligand binds to specific receptor protein
- receptor activates the relaying G protein
- effector protein is stimulated
- effector protein makes 2nd messenger inside of the cell
- active 2nd messenger activates kinase enzyme
- kinase enzyme activate other enzymes to produce cellular responses
ex: hepatocyte receptor
