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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Exam 1: intro to A&P, cells and tissues > Flashcards

Exam 1: intro to A&P, cells and tissues Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

regional anatomy

A

examination of structures found within a particular area of the body

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2
Q

gross anatomy

A

study of structues (organs/ tissues) without the need for a microscope

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3
Q

systemic anatomy

A

examinantion of all the structures within a particular body system

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4
Q

surface anatomy

A

study of internal structures as they relate to the body surface; important part of a physical exam

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5
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

anatomical study of structures that need magnification in order to be seen

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6
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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7
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues ( a group of 2 or more cells that have a common function)

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8
Q

types of tissues

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve

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9
Q

developmental anatomy

A

the study of structural changes the occur from conception trough old age

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10
Q

pre- embryo

A

from conception through the end of the third week of gestation; includes the zygote, morula, blastocyst, and gastrula stages

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11
Q

zygote

A

fusion of male and female pronuclei to form a diploid fertilized egg

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12
Q

morula

A

at 2-3 days post fertilization, 16 cell mass

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13
Q

blastocyst

A

at 3-4 days post fertilization hollow ball of cells, implantation into uterus occurs at 6-7days post fertilization

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14
Q

gastrula

A

at week 3- formation of the 3 primary germ layers

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15
Q

list what each primary germ layer gives rise to

A

ectoderm: nervous system, skin
mesoderm: muscle, connective tissues
endoderm: epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems and associated glands

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16
Q

embryology

A

4th - 8th weeks of gestation in which all of the organ system are formed

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17
Q

fetology

A

9th week to time of birth, growth of differentiation of tissues and organ systems

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18
Q

pathological anatomy

A

the study of anatomic changes that occur as a result of a disease process

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19
Q

principle of complementary structure and function

A

structure is a reflection of function. anatomy and physiology go hand in hand.

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20
Q

levels of structural organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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21
Q

integumentary system

A

protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous (pain, pleasures, etc) receptors, and sweat and oil glands

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22
Q

skeletal system

A

protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement, create blood cells and store minerals

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23
Q

muscular system

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A

allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. maintains posture and produces heat

24
Q

nervous system

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A

fast acting control system center. responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands

25
endocrine system
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells thyroid gland, thymus, overy/testis, pancreas, etc
26
cardiovascular system
blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, and wastes.
27
lymphatic system
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. houses WBC involved in immunity. ie. immune system
28
respiratory system
keeps blood supplied w/ oxygen and CO2 during gas exchange through air sacs of the lungs
29
digestive system
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
30
urinary system
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
31
male/ female reproductive systems
produce offspring and male/ female sex hormones
32
effector
carries out the control center's response to the stimulus
33
efferent vs afferent pathway
afferent pathway sends info to the control center and efferent pathway sends info to the effector
34
compare epithelial to connective tissue
epithelial tissue is derived from all 3 germ layers, is avascular, cell rich/ matrix poor, and comprised of homogenous cells connective tissue is derived only from the mesoderm, has varying degrees of vascularity, is extracellular matrix rich and relatively cell poor, and has heterogenous mix of cells
35
simple squamous (function and location)
function: diffusion, filtration, secretion location: alveoli of the lungs, filtration membrane of kidneys, lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, heart vessels, serous membranes
36
simple cubodial (function and location)
function: secretion and absorption location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of glands, surface of the ovaries
37
simple columnar (function and location)
may have cilia, microvilli, or goblet cells function: absorption, secretion of mucus/ other substances, ciliated- propels mucus location: non ciliated- lines digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands. ciliated- lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, some areas of the uterus
38
pseudostratified columnar (function and location)
function: secrete substances, particularly mucus. propels mucus by ciliary action location: ciliated- lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract non ciliated- sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
39
stratified squamous (location and function)
function: protection location: keratinized- epidermis of the skin non keratinized- esophagus, mouth, vagina
40
transitional (location and function)
function: stretches readily, permits distention of an organ location: ureter lining, bladder, urethra
41
*rare* stratified cuboidal (function and location)
function: protection, some secretion locations: ducts of adult sweat glands and mammary glands, salivary glands, portions of male urethra
42
*rare* stratified columnar (function and location)
function: protection and some secretion location: pharynx, male urethra, lining ducts of some glands, eye/ conjunctiva, tongue
43
simple duct structure with tubular secretory structure
simple tubular: (ex- intestinal gland) simple branched tubular: (ex- stomach glands)
44
compound duct structure and tubular secretory structure
compound tubular: ex- duodenal glands of small intestine
45
simple duct structure with alveolar secretory structure
simple alveolar- no important examples in humans simple branched alveolar- ex: sebaceous (oil) glands
46
compound duct structure and alveolar secretory structure
compound alveolar- ex: mammary glands compound tubuloalveolar- ex: salivary glands
47
merocrine gland
secrete their products via exocytosis ex- salivary, sweat, pancreatic glands
48
apocrine glands
accumulate secretion beneath apical surface. the apical portion of the cell pinches off ex- axial, inguinal areas
49
holocrine glands
entire secretory cell ruptures and dies, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments ex- oil/ sebaceous glands, meibomian gland
50
collagen fibers
composition: made of collagen (fibrous protein) structure: course straight bundles, no branching tensile strength: High elasticity: Low Distribution: in most connective tissue, abundant where strength is needed
51
elastic fibers
composition: made of elastin structure: thin, long branching fibers tensile strength: Low elasticity: High Distribution: wherever elasticity is important (ie. dermis, lungs, blood vessel walls)
52
reticular fibers
composition: collagen fibrils w/ proteoglycans, glycoproteins and carbohydrates structure: short, thin, fine, branching network of fibers tensile strength: low elasticity: Low Distribution: in supporting system of soft organs (spleen), bone marrow
53
"-blast" vs "-cyte"
-blast: undifferentiated state with no specific structure or function. responsible for secreting ground substance -cyte: maintain the matrix
54
catalytic proteins
the receptor is an inactive enzyme that becomes activated when the ligand binds to it. ex: intestinal epithelial cell receptors
55
chemically gated ion channels
the receptor is a closed ion channel that opens when a ligands binds to it ex- skeletal muscle cells
56
G- protein linked receptors steps
1. ligand binds to specific receptor protein 2. receptor activates the relaying G protein 3. effector protein is stimulated 4. effector protein makes 2nd messenger inside of the cell 5. active 2nd messenger activates kinase enzyme 6. kinase enzyme activate other enzymes to produce cellular responses ex: hepatocyte receptor

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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