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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Exam 1: intro to A&P, cells and tissues > Flashcards

Exam 1: intro to A&P, cells and tissues Flashcards

1
Q

regional anatomy

A

examination of structures found within a particular area of the body

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2
Q

gross anatomy

A

study of structues (organs/ tissues) without the need for a microscope

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3
Q

systemic anatomy

A

examinantion of all the structures within a particular body system

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4
Q

surface anatomy

A

study of internal structures as they relate to the body surface; important part of a physical exam

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5
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

anatomical study of structures that need magnification in order to be seen

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6
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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7
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues ( a group of 2 or more cells that have a common function)

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8
Q

types of tissues

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve

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9
Q

developmental anatomy

A

the study of structural changes the occur from conception trough old age

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10
Q

pre- embryo

A

from conception through the end of the third week of gestation; includes the zygote, morula, blastocyst, and gastrula stages

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11
Q

zygote

A

fusion of male and female pronuclei to form a diploid fertilized egg

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12
Q

morula

A

at 2-3 days post fertilization, 16 cell mass

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13
Q

blastocyst

A

at 3-4 days post fertilization hollow ball of cells, implantation into uterus occurs at 6-7days post fertilization

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14
Q

gastrula

A

at week 3- formation of the 3 primary germ layers

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15
Q

list what each primary germ layer gives rise to

A

ectoderm: nervous system, skin
mesoderm: muscle, connective tissues
endoderm: epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems and associated glands

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16
Q

embryology

A

4th - 8th weeks of gestation in which all of the organ system are formed

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17
Q

fetology

A

9th week to time of birth, growth of differentiation of tissues and organ systems

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18
Q

pathological anatomy

A

the study of anatomic changes that occur as a result of a disease process

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19
Q

principle of complementary structure and function

A

structure is a reflection of function. anatomy and physiology go hand in hand.

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20
Q

levels of structural organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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21
Q

integumentary system

A

protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous (pain, pleasures, etc) receptors, and sweat and oil glands

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22
Q

skeletal system

A

protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement, create blood cells and store minerals

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23
Q

muscular system

A

allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. maintains posture and produces heat

24
Q

nervous system

A

fast acting control system center. responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands

25
Q

endocrine system

A

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

thyroid gland, thymus, overy/testis, pancreas, etc

26
Q

cardiovascular system

A

blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, and wastes.

27
Q

lymphatic system

A

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. houses WBC involved in immunity. ie. immune system

28
Q

respiratory system

A

keeps blood supplied w/ oxygen and CO2 during gas exchange through air sacs of the lungs

29
Q

digestive system

A

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

30
Q

urinary system

A

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

31
Q

male/ female reproductive systems

A

produce offspring and male/ female sex hormones

32
Q

effector

A

carries out the control center’s response to the stimulus

33
Q

efferent vs afferent pathway

A

afferent pathway sends info to the control center and efferent pathway sends info to the effector

34
Q

compare epithelial to connective tissue

A

epithelial tissue is derived from all 3 germ layers, is avascular, cell rich/ matrix poor, and comprised of homogenous cells

connective tissue is derived only from the mesoderm, has varying degrees of vascularity, is extracellular matrix rich and relatively cell poor, and has heterogenous mix of cells

35
Q

simple squamous (function and location)

A

function: diffusion, filtration, secretion
location: alveoli of the lungs, filtration membrane of kidneys, lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, heart vessels, serous membranes

36
Q

simple cubodial (function and location)

A

function: secretion and absorption
location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of glands, surface of the ovaries

37
Q

simple columnar (function and location)

A

may have cilia, microvilli, or goblet cells
function: absorption, secretion of mucus/ other substances, ciliated- propels mucus
location:
non ciliated- lines digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands.
ciliated- lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, some areas of the uterus

38
Q

pseudostratified columnar (function and location)

A

function: secrete substances, particularly mucus. propels mucus by ciliary action

location:
ciliated- lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
non ciliated- sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands

39
Q

stratified squamous (location and function)

A

function: protection
location:
keratinized- epidermis of the skin
non keratinized- esophagus, mouth, vagina

40
Q

transitional (location and function)

A

function: stretches readily, permits distention of an organ
location: ureter lining, bladder, urethra

41
Q

rare
stratified cuboidal (function and location)

A

function: protection, some secretion
locations: ducts of adult sweat glands and mammary glands, salivary glands, portions of male urethra

42
Q

rare
stratified columnar (function and location)

A

function: protection and some secretion
location: pharynx, male urethra, lining ducts of some glands, eye/ conjunctiva, tongue

43
Q

simple duct structure with tubular secretory structure

A

simple tubular: (ex- intestinal gland)
simple branched tubular: (ex- stomach glands)

44
Q

compound duct structure and tubular secretory structure

A

compound tubular: ex- duodenal glands of small intestine

45
Q

simple duct structure with alveolar secretory structure

A

simple alveolar- no important examples in humans

simple branched alveolar- ex: sebaceous (oil) glands

46
Q

compound duct structure and alveolar secretory structure

A

compound alveolar- ex: mammary glands
compound tubuloalveolar- ex: salivary glands

47
Q

merocrine gland

A

secrete their products via exocytosis
ex- salivary, sweat, pancreatic glands

48
Q

apocrine glands

A

accumulate secretion beneath apical surface. the apical portion of the cell pinches off

ex- axial, inguinal areas

49
Q

holocrine glands

A

entire secretory cell ruptures and dies, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments
ex- oil/ sebaceous glands, meibomian gland

50
Q

collagen fibers

A

composition: made of collagen (fibrous protein)
structure: course straight bundles, no branching
tensile strength: High
elasticity: Low
Distribution: in most connective tissue, abundant where strength is needed

51
Q

elastic fibers

A

composition: made of elastin
structure: thin, long branching fibers
tensile strength: Low
elasticity: High
Distribution: wherever elasticity is important (ie. dermis, lungs, blood vessel walls)

52
Q

reticular fibers

A

composition: collagen fibrils w/ proteoglycans, glycoproteins and carbohydrates
structure: short, thin, fine, branching network of fibers
tensile strength: low
elasticity: Low
Distribution: in supporting system of soft organs (spleen), bone marrow

53
Q

“-blast” vs “-cyte”

A

-blast: undifferentiated state with no specific structure or function. responsible for secreting ground substance

-cyte: maintain the matrix

54
Q

catalytic proteins

A

the receptor is an inactive enzyme that becomes activated when the ligand binds to it. ex: intestinal epithelial cell receptors

55
Q

chemically gated ion channels

A

the receptor is a closed ion channel that opens when a ligands binds to it
ex- skeletal muscle cells

56
Q

G- protein linked receptors steps

A
  1. ligand binds to specific receptor protein
  2. receptor activates the relaying G protein
  3. effector protein is stimulated
  4. effector protein makes 2nd messenger inside of the cell
  5. active 2nd messenger activates kinase enzyme
  6. kinase enzyme activate other enzymes to produce cellular responses

ex: hepatocyte receptor

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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