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Bio 115 > Exam 1 Import > Flashcards

Exam 1 Import Flashcards

1
Q

What do membranes do? (5)

A
  • define life forms as distinct entities,
  • separates cell from outside world,
  • necessary to perform internal chem. rxns,
  • maintain diff. environment w/i eukaryotic cell,
  • important role in formation of life/evolution
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2
Q

Membrane composition

A

-Lipids and proteins
Phospholipids arranged as lipid bilayer
Proteins can span across both layers or may be attached to 1
Proteins and lipids modified w/ carbs

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3
Q

What are Phospholipids?

A

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

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4
Q

Define amphipathic.

A

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region; can spontaneously form a bilayer in H2O

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5
Q

What is Fluidity?

A

behave like crystals (liquid) b/c they form ordered arrays (proteins also fluid); controlled by degree fatty acid saturation (not too fluid or too rigid)

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6
Q

What is Fluidity Regulation?

A

Animal cells insert cholesterol in between lipid bilayer
Low temp = cholesterol acts as spacer (Increase fluidity)
High temp = cholesterol prevents weakening of membrane (hydrophilic heads together)
Plants use other sterols

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7
Q

Compartmentalization

A

Membrane-bound organelles allow different parts of the cell to perform different functions at the same time (ORGANELLES)

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8
Q

Concentration Gradients

A

results from an unequal distribution of ions inside and outside of the the cell

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9
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion’s tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).

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10
Q

voltage gated channels

A

Electrical charge caused by an imbalance in ions; open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

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11
Q

ligand-gated channels

A

respond to chemical messengers

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12
Q

Vesicles

A

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

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13
Q

selective permeability

A

Keep inside in and outside out
Must allow nutrients and molecules in
Must allow waster and molec out
Entrance=size and charge of particle (also comp of membrane)
Biological membrane: some things in but not others

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14
Q

Transport proteins

A

A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles move high to low
Equilibrium reached when equal
Particles can still move back and forth but no net change

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of H2O across membrane
H2O=high to low
Dissolved solute lowers H2O by interacting with H2O molec and preventing movement across
H2O moves toward area of high solute

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17
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Particle binds to protein in membrane
Binding causes protein to change shape and allow cell in
Enter cell following concentration gradient
Ex: Glucose uniporter in red blood cells

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18
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

nervous system restricts blood flow to fingers and toes (grip)

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19
Q

isotonic

A

equal (.9% NaCl)

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20
Q

hypotonic

A

less inside than outside (0.4% NaCl) less H2O inside

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21
Q

hypertonic

A

more H2O inside (1.3% NaCl)

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22
Q

Active transport

A

move particles against the concentration gradient (energy required)

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23
Q

uniporter, symporter, antiporter

A

carries one solute
carries two solutes in same direction
carries two solutes in opposite direction

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24
Q

secondary active transport

A

Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.

25
Exocytosis
cargo=stored in vesicles in cell -waste products -hormones reside fuses w/ cell membrane releasing cargo outside cell
26
Endocytosis
A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.
27
receptor-mediated endocytosis
capture specific macromolecules from cells environment) method which cholesterol is taken up by most mammalian cells
28
Coated pits
indentations in the plasma membrane and their cytoplasmic surfaces are covered in other proteins (ex: clathrin)
29
of calories per gram of fat
9
30
Energy
the capacity to do work
31
Work
change in state/motion of matter
32
1 kcal= ? kJ
4.184 kJ
33
Potential Energy (PE)
stored energy
34
kinetic energy
energy of motion
35
Living organisms convert
kinetic into potential which can be stored/used to create kinetic
36
Laws of Thermodynamics
1) energy can not be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another 2) disorder increases in the universe
37
Entropy
measure of disorder in the universe
38
Gibbs Free Energy
The total amount of energy available in a system to do work. | total energy=free energy =entropy or H=G+ST
39
Endergonic
(+G) requires energy; net input of energy is required and products have more energy than reactants
40
Exergonic
(-G) releases energy; spontaneous
41
G=0
reaction is at equilibrium
42
Coupling Reactions
Energy released from one reaction can be used to drive another reaction Engergonic rxns (protein synthesis, phosynthesis, etc.) need energy so couple them to exergonic A to B (+5 kcal energy) C to D (-8 kcal energy) A+C to B+D (-3 kcal energy)
43
Annabolism
formation of complex molec from simpler building blocks | Ex: amino acids to proteins, nucleotides to DNA
44
Catabolism
breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones | Ex: starch to monosaccharides
45
ATP
(exergonic rxns break down) adenosine triphosphate; energy currency of the cell - can be spent to drive rxns - saved in chemical bonds of fats/carbs - energy freed by breaking bonds between phosphate groups
46
What is glycolysis?
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid (2e-)
47
What is the citric acid cycle?
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.
48
What is Aerobic Respiration? What are its steps? (4)
-Respiration using O2 - glycolysis - formation of acetyl COA - tricarboxylic acid cyle (citric acid cycle) - 32 ATP e- tranport chain
49
What is ATP synthase?
Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
50
What is anaerobic respiration?
-Respiration that does not require oxygen; uses chemical other than O as final e- acceptor (e.g. N, S) less ATP than O2
51
What is Fermentation?
-A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (2 ATP per glucose) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
52
What is feedback?
-The process by which the product of a metabolic pathway influences its own production by controlling the amount and/or activity of one or more enzymes involved in the pathway
53
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
-take energy light and water and make glucose and oxygen
54
What is an Autotroph?
-an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
55
What is a Heterotroph?
-an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.
56
Define photosynthesis
-plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates
57
What is the Calvin Cycle? Give the steps of it. (4) Does it repeat?
-light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar - CO2 and H2O react w/ RuBP to form 2 molec of phosphoglycerate - ATP and NADPH (from light rxn) is spent to convert PGA to G3P - 2 G3P are removed from cycle to form sugars - remaining G3P used to make more RuBP -yes
58
What are 3 differences in C3 and C4 plants?
- In C3 plants, the carbon dioxide fixation takes place only at one place. In C4 plants, the carbon dioxide fixation takes places twice (one in mesophyll cells, second in bundle sheath cells). - C4: uses CO2 at low concentrations, occurs prior to C3, -CO2 up to 60% greater in C4 plants

Bio 115 (3 decks)

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