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Bio 115 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How old is the universe?

A

13.8 billion years old

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2
Q

How wide is the universe?

A

93 billion light years

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3
Q

What rate is the universe expanding at?

A

1% every 140 million years

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4
Q

What were the 2 competing theories about the beginning of the universe?

A
  • Steady State

- Big Bang

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5
Q

What was the steady state theory?

A

New matter is continually created as universe expands

it has no beginning or end

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6
Q

What is the big bang theory?

A

Universe was created as a singularity and expands outward

It has a definite beginning and end

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7
Q

What percent of the universe is made up of atoms?

A

4.6%

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8
Q

What is most of the universe? (71.4%)

A

Dark Energy

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9
Q

What is the remaining 24% of the universe?

A

Dark matter

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10
Q

1 second after big bang, the universe cooled enough to form _____ and _____.

A

Protons and Neutrons

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11
Q

3 minutes after big bang, the universe consists of 75%__ and 25%___ nuclei.

A

75% H

25% He

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12
Q

300,000 years after big bang, atomic nuclei captured _____ and ______ were formed.

A

electrons

atoms

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13
Q

By 300 million years, gravity causes pockets of gasses to collapse. This energy triggers nuclear fusion of _______ into ________ which created the first ______.

A
  • hydrogen
  • helium
  • stars
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14
Q

What elements were formed in star centers?

A

Hydrogen through Iron

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15
Q

How were heavier elements created?

A

Through star supernovas collapsing on iron core.

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16
Q

When did our solar system form?

A

4.5 billion years ago.

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17
Q

When did life 1st appear on Earth?

A

3.5 billion years ago

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18
Q

Describe how an atom is structured:

A
  • Nucleus is at the center of an atom. The Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus
  • Electrons are located in the electron cloud which is within a defined distance around the nucleus.
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19
Q

6
C
12.011

A
  • Top number is the atomic number: this is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus, as well as the number of electrons in the electron cloud.
  • Middle letter(s) is the chemical symbol
  • The bottom number is the atomic mass. This is the weighted average of all the masses of all the elements isotopes.
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20
Q

Define electronegativity

A

This is when electrons are not shared equally between atoms

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21
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An isotope is a variant of an element that shares the same number of protons but has different numbers of neutrons.

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22
Q

Define polarity

A

the separation of electric charge along a bond, leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or dipole moment. Cause by atoms not sharing electrons equally. This will make one atom charged positively and one negatively.

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23
Q

What are the 5 bonds?

A
  • Ionic Bond
  • Covalent Bond
  • Hydrogen Bond
  • Hydrophobic interaction
  • Van Der Waals Interaction
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24
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The transfer of an electron. One atom gives an electron to another atom. The leaves the two atoms charged, one positively and one negatively.

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25
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

This is the sharing of 2 electrons between 2 atoms. 2 types, polar bonds and hydrogen bonds.

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26
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Happens in water. Is about 1/20 the strength of a polar bond. electronegative charge of H attracts to electropositive of oxygen.

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27
Q

Hydrophobic Interaction

A

Interaction of nonpolar substances in the presence of polar substances (especially water)

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28
Q

Van Der Waals Interaction

A

Interaction of electrons of nonpolar substances

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29
Q

What 3 phases does water exist in?

A
  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Water is one of the only substances whose solid can float on its liquid state.

A

TRUE

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31
Q

Water becomes _____ dense as it drops below 4C.

A

Less

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32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Water is one of the only few carbonless compounds that is a liquid at room temperature.

A

TRUE

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33
Q

What 3 factors make water a unique compound?

A
  • Its high surface tension
  • Its high viscosity
  • Its ability to act as a near universal solvent
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34
Q

What is hydrophobicity?

A

This is the property of nonpolar molecules to repel water molecules

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35
Q

What is hydrophillicity?

A

This is the property of molecules to form ionic or hydrogen bonds with water.

36
Q

What is homeostasis? Examples? (3)

A

The fact that living organism maintain an internal environment that is distinct from the external environment.

  • maintaining innerbody temp
  • maintaining blood glucose levels
  • maintaining constant pH
37
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

The break down of organic matter to liberate energy

38
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

The use of energy to build organic structures

39
Q

What is evolution?

A

The change in genetic material over time.

40
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules that make up life on earth?

A
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
41
Q

How many electrons does carbon have in its outer shell?

A

4

42
Q

What are hydrocarbons? What are 4 examples of hydrocarbons?

A

Bonds that contain only carbon and hydrogen.

  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Octane
43
Q

Are hydrocarbons hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

44
Q

What are the 7 functional groups we went over?

A
  • Hydroxyls
  • Aldehydes
  • Ketos
  • Carboxyls
  • Aminos
  • Phosphates
  • Sulfhydryl
45
Q

What are the 7 classes of compounds that go along with the functional groups?

A
  • alcohols
  • aldehydes
  • ketones
  • carboxylic acids
  • amines
  • organic phosphates
  • thiols
46
Q

Match the 7 functional groups to their class of compounds

A
  • Hydroxyls > alcohols
  • Aldehydes > aldehydes
  • Ketos > ketones
  • Carboxyls > carboxylic acids
  • Aminos > amines
  • Phosphates > organic phosphates
  • Sulfhydryl > thiols
47
Q

Match the 7 functional groups to their structural formulas

A
  • Hydroxyls > OH
  • Aldehydes > O double bonded to C and H bonded to C
  • Ketos > O double bonded to C
  • Carboxyls > O double bonded to C and OH bonded to C
  • Aminos > N with 2 H’s bonded to it
  • Phosphates > O double bonded to P with 3 other Os single bonded to P
  • Sulfhydryl > SH together
48
Q

What is an acid?

A

any substance that can donate a proton to another substance.

49
Q

What is a base?

A

Any substance that can accept a proton from a donor

50
Q

What is an isomer?

A

2 or more compounds with the same chemical formula but different physical structure.

51
Q

What are carbohydrates? (3)

A

Sugars, Starches, and Cellulose

52
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates? (2)

A
  • sugar and starch serve as energy source for cells

- cellulose is the structural component of plant cell walls

53
Q

Carbohydrates can contain _______, _______, or _______.

A

one sugar unit (monosaccharide)
two sugar units (disaccharide)
more than two sugar units (polysaccharide)

54
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A hydroxyl group bonded to each carbon except one carbonyl.

55
Q

What is the most abundant monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

56
Q

What do hydroxyl and carbonyl groups do to functional groups?

A

They make them hydrophillic

57
Q

What is the 3 carbon sugar?

A

3 carbon- glyceraldehyde

5 carbon sugars- Ribose and deoxyribose

58
Q

What are the 2 5 carbon sugars?

A

5 carbon sugars- Ribose and deoxyribose

59
Q

What are the 3 6 carbon sugars?

A
  • Mannose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
60
Q

What’s the difference in a-glucose and b-glucose?

A

The direction that the hydroxyl group is flipped (up or down) when attached to the end of the ring.

61
Q

What are the monomers of each macromolecule?

A
  • Carbohydrates > monosaccharide
  • Lipids > fatty acids + glycerol
  • Nucleic Acids > nucleotides
  • Proteins > amino acids
62
Q

What are the polymers of each macromolecule?

A
  • Carbohydrates > polysaccharide
  • Lipids > lipid/fat
  • Nucleic Acids > DNA/RNA
  • Proteins > polypeptide
63
Q

What are the linkages of each macromolecule?

A
  • Carbohydrates > glycosidic link
  • Lipids > ester
  • Nucleic Acids > phosphylester
  • Proteins > peptide
64
Q

What is the most abundant carbohydrate on earth?

A

cellulose

65
Q

What are the most abundant lipids in living organisms?

A

Neutral fats

66
Q

What is the primary goal of lipids?

A

serve as fuel storage

67
Q

What are carbs and proteins stored as? Where?

A

Fat

Within adipose cells

68
Q

What is the difference in saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats- single C bond

Unsaturated fats- double C–C bond

69
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

components of cell membranes. They contain glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group. The fatty acid side is hydrophobic and the phosphate is hydrophillic

70
Q

What are amphipathic molecules?

A

one end hydrophyllic and one is hydrophobic

71
Q

What do proteins do?

A

They are responsible for doing the majority of the work in a cell.

72
Q

How many amino acids are found in proteins?

A

20

73
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

They are involved in DNA and RNA protein synthesis.

74
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

molecule composed of a sugar, base, and phosphate group

75
Q

Cells are the ______ unit of life.

A

smallest

76
Q

All cells have these 3 things in common:

A
  • plasma membrane
  • energy conversion
  • central dogma
77
Q

What are the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes have no nucleus

78
Q

Run through the organelles in cells:

A
  • capsule
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • nucleoid
  • plasma membrane
  • flagellum
  • plasma membrane
  • peptidoglycan
  • cell wall
  • outer membrane
79
Q

Organelles are enclosed within __________ that are made of _____________ which selectively allows molecules in or out.

A
  • membranes

- phospholipids

80
Q

What are the 3 points of cell theory?

A
  • cells are fundamental units of all organisms
  • new cells are formed only through the division of previously existing cells
  • all cells can be traced back to a common origin
81
Q

What are the 2 reasons cell size is limited?

A
  • molecules must be rapidly transported to intracellular locations
  • waste products must be quickly eliminated from out of cells
82
Q

What does more surface area equate to?

A

Faster molecules can transfer

83
Q

Do prokaryotes have organelles?

A

No

84
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The region of the cell outside of the nucleus.

85
Q

What is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm called? What is 80% of it?

A

cytosol

water

Bio 115 (3 decks)

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