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blood banking > exam 1 horan > Flashcards

exam 1 horan Flashcards

1
Q

locus

A

location of the gene on the chromosome

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2
Q

allele

A

one of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome

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3
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a given gene

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4
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a given gene

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5
Q

dominant

A

a gene that is always expressed wether it is present in the homo or heterozygous state

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6
Q

recessive

A

a gene that is expressed only when it is in the homozygous state

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7
Q

co-dominant (egalitarian)

A

both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous sate (AB blood)

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8
Q

amorph or silent allele

A

a gene that produces no products even in homozygous state

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9
Q

phenotype

A

the detectable products of genes only discovered through the description of observed traits or the result of direct testing (physical trait)

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10
Q

genotype

A

total sum of genes present on the chromosomes with the respect to the one or more characteristics, regardless of wether or not they produce detectable products

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11
Q

zeta potential

A

decrease in the electrical charge of RBC when it is suspended in a high ionic strength colloidal medium (albumin) also decreases the repulsion of the RBC

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12
Q

what is the “job” of IgG and IgM in terms of bridging the gap between RBC?

A

IgM bridges the gap easier because they are larger than IgG

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13
Q

what is the temp reactivity of IgG and IgM?

A

G- 30-37C

M- 4-27C

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14
Q

what is the effect of LISS in the Ag-Ab reaction?

A

the addition of LISS will help the rate of association between antigen and antibody. the rate is increased by lowering the ionic strength.

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15
Q

what are the 4 enzymes used in blood bank?

A

ficin
papain
trypsin
bromelin

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16
Q

AHG effects and what does it do?

A

useful in detecting IgG and complement

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17
Q

what is dosage?

A

homozygous gives stronger reactions then heterozygous

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18
Q

what its he genotype and phenotype of bombay?

A

Oh- phenotype

hh- genotype

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19
Q

which precursor type substance for ABH antigens?

A

type 2

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20
Q

name the two stages of RBC agglutination in correct order of sequence

A

1) sensitization

2) clumping (agglutination)

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21
Q

the reverse or backside test detects the presence or absence of?

A

antibodies using the patient’s serum/plasma

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22
Q

the forward test detects?

A

antigens on the patients RBC using antisera

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23
Q

does lewis cause HDN? why?

A

no, because it cannot cross the placenta and because it is not fully developed in a newborn

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24
Q

what antibodies most often cause HDN?

A

Rh

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25
Q

what are you called if you have no Rh antigens?

A

Rh null

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26
Q

T/F lewis antibodies are enhanced by enzymes

A

true

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27
Q

T/F lewis antigens ten to become stronger during pregnancy

A

false- they become weaker

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28
Q

T/F lewis antibodies usually occur without known RBC stimulus

A

true

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29
Q

T/F the lewis system includes soluble antigens that are present in saliva and plasma with antigenic determinants occurring naturally on the RBC surface

A

false - they are made in the tissue and are not on the RBC surface

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30
Q

T/F lewis antibodies commonly cause HDN and HTR

A

false - they cannot cross the placenta and they will convert in a transfusion

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31
Q

T/F the Rh system was the first to be discovered and by far the most significant for transfusion practice

A

false- the ABO was the first to be discovered and is most significant for the transfusion

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32
Q

T/F Rh Abs react more strongly at 4C than at 37C

A

false- IgG likes 37

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33
Q

T/F Rh Abs can pass the placenta

A

true

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34
Q

T/F Rh Abs are not a frequent cause of HDN

A

false

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35
Q

where would we find anti-A1?

A

A2B
A3
Ax
A2

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36
Q

where would you see mixed field agglutination with Anti-A?

A

A3

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37
Q

what % of caucasians are secretors?

A

80%

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38
Q

where would you find anti-AB antiserum?

A

O blood type

39
Q

anti-C antiserum will react with an individual with type ?

A 
R1R2 (DCe/DcE)
r ry (dce/dCE)
Rz r ( DCE/dce)
r'r" (dCe/dcE)
any """C""""
40
Q

when would you do a weak D testing?

A

if the initial spin is negative for a donor

41
Q

what would be a good indication of HDN testing?

A

DAT - ( if + do an elution and antibody ID)

42
Q

what is dolichos biflorus?

A

an anti-A1 lectin used to confirm the antigens on RBC

43
Q

who is a good candidate for Rho-gam?

A

Rh- negative mothers who deliver Rh+ babies

44
Q

list the H substance demonstrated in order of decreasing reactivity

A

O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B

45
Q

what is landsteiner’s rule?

A

Ab are present in plasma only when the corresponding Ag is not present on the RBC

46
Q

why are cord cells washed?

A

to remove Wharton’s jelly

Wharton’s jelly may cause agglutination and false +

47
Q

secretor status test used for H substance

A

inhibition and neutralization tests

48
Q

why is Anti-AB antiserum used in the lab?

A

detections of subgroups of A weaker than A2

49
Q

be able to pick mothers and babies who would get Rhogam

A

mother is negative baby is positive

50
Q

convert Fisher-Race and Wiener . know how to use this chart interchangably

A

R/r to CDE

R determines D. R=D r=d
R1/r' = Ce
R2/r'' = cE
Ro/r = ce
Rz/ ry = CE
51
Q

if you have two parents that are A1/A1 and A1/A2 what is the phenotype of their offspring?

A

A

52
Q

if you have MM and MN, which agglutinates more strongly? why?

A

MM due to the dosage effect. it affects more strongly in the homozygous state

53
Q

will time have an effect on antigen/antibody reaction?

A

yes

54
Q

will over centrifugation cause a false negative in an anitgen/antibody reaction?

A

no- it is more likely to give a false positive

55
Q

is a reaction at 4C clinically significant?

A

no

56
Q

if you decrease serum:cell ratio does it provide more antibody molecules to the antigen sites available for reaction?

A

no

57
Q

are lewis antibodies clinically significant?

A

no

58
Q

can non secretors secrete ABO substances regardless of ABO group?

A

no

59
Q

Name two substances that can reduce the zeta potential and allow RBC to approach each other more closely and be agglutinated

A

albumin

LISS

60
Q

name two other influencing factors in Ag-Ab reactions

A 
temp.
pH
centrifugation
amount of time
Ag:Ab
concentration
ionic strength
dosage
61
Q

the ___ gene is necessary for the expression of the ABO genes

A

H

62
Q

Ulex europeaus is a lectin with __ specificity, whereas Dolichos biflorus is a lectin with ___ specificity

A

Anti-H and Anti-A

63
Q

List the three genotypes that produce the A1 phenotype

A

A1A1
A1A2
A1O

64
Q

list the possible genotypes and phenotypes from a mating of AB and BO individuals

A

AB
B
A
O

65
Q

individuals that do not inherit the H gene have the genotype ___ and are said to have the __ phenotype; they also possess an additional Ab, ___ , in comparison to normal O individuals

A

hh, bombay, anti-H

66
Q

what is the Rh negative genotype

A

dd

67
Q

For rh antibodies which is true?

  • react better at 37C then 4C
  • cross the placenta
  • frequently cause HDN
A

all are true

68
Q 
if you had the following blood types, which would cause a mixed-field agglutination?
AB
A1
A3
Ax
O
A

A3

69
Q

do some A2 individuals produce anti-A1?

A

yes- 8%

70
Q 
if you had the following blood types, which would react with anti-C?
Dce
dce
DcE/DcE
dCe
A

dCe

71
Q

which is the least useful for studying HDN

-elution and antibody ID
-serum billirubin
-direct antiglobulin
-cord blood hemoglobin
secretor testing

A

secretor testing

72
Q

where is the purpose of the Rh immune globulin?

A

to prevent sensitization of the Rh negative mother to the baby’s Rh positive blood

73
Q

to truly designate Rh negative:

A

Blood will not react with Anti-D

proceed to weak D testing

74
Q

which would be useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?

  • A1 lectin
  • boiled saliva
  • ulex europaeus extract
  • A cells
  • O cells
A

boiled saliva
ulex europaeus extract
O cells

75
Q

if a mother is D = and Dw = and a father is homozygous for D antigen, what will their offspring’s genotype be?

A

100 % Dd

76
Q

what causes HDN to occur?

A

maternal cells lack antigen that fetal cells have. that is what causes sensitization

77
Q

reverse ABO grouping is inadequate to…

A

newborns

78
Q

name the antiseras used in detecting Rh

A 
anti-D
anti-C
anti-E
anti-c
anti-e
79
Q

another name for the F antigen is

A

compound antigen

80
Q

what is present when F antigen is expressed on the RBC

A

c and e inherited on the same haplotype

81
Q 
which will react with anti-F?
DCe
DcE
Dce
dCe
dcF
A

Dce

82
Q

with R1R1 individuals (DCe/DCe) if given dce, what antibody will most likely form?

A

anti-c

83
Q

which blood group reacts most strongly with anti-H lectin? (ulex europaeus)

A

group O

84
Q

r

A

dce

85
Q

r’

A

dCe

86
Q

r’’

A

dcE

87
Q

ry

A

dCE

88
Q

R’

A

DCe

89
Q

R’’

A

DcE

90
Q

Ro

A

Dce

91
Q

Rz

A

DCE

92
Q

what are the Rh genes in order of frequency in caucasians?

A

most frequent: R’- DCe
2nd: r-dce
3rd:R’‘-DcE
least frequent: ry- dCE

93
Q

what are good indications of HDN?

A

bilirubin
DAT
hemoglobin

blood banking (4 decks)

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