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Physiology > Exam 1: Homeostasis/Metabolism/Receptors/Transport > Flashcards

Exam 1: Homeostasis/Metabolism/Receptors/Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Regulator

A

Sets a maintains the homeostatic value/set point (normal value)

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2
Q

Set point

A

The homeostatic or normal value

Fluctuation around this is normal; therefore, there is a normal range

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3
Q

Receptors

A

Sense changes and relay that information to the regulator

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4
Q

Effectors

A

Drive conditions towards the set point via input from the regulator

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5
Q

Negative feedback

A

Return to the set point in response to a deviation from the set point
Involves the homeostatic mechanism and thus maintains homeostasis

Examples: maintenance of body temperature, blood pressure, pH, blood sodium level

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6
Q

Positive feedback

A

Further deviation from the set point in response to a deviation from the set point
Does not contribute to homeostasis

Examples: lactation, childbirth, blood coagulation

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7
Q

Metabolism

A

Total of all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

Energy releasing and energy requiring processes

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8
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down phase of metabolism

Large molecules being broken down into smaller molecules

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9
Q

Anabolism

A

Building phase of metabolism

Small molecules being combined to form larger molecules

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

The body is constantly self-regulating to maintain __________

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11
Q

Intracellular compartment

A

Fluid within cells
Approximately 2/3 of water volume
High in potassium and magnesium; low in sodium and chloride

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12
Q

Extracellular compartment

A

Fluid outside cells
1/3 of water volume
Two major parts are plasma and interstitial fluid

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13
Q

Plasma

A

Only major fluid compartment that exists as a real fluid collection all in one location, the vascular system. It is a protein reserve and has high bulk flow (transport function)

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14
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid in which all cells in the body are bathed

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15
Q

Transcellular fluid

A

Formed from transport activity of cells, epithelial lined spaces (urine, joint fluid)

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16
Q

Solution

A

Extra very small solutes in water (e.g. electrolytes mixed in the plasma)

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17
Q

Colloid

A

Mixture of medium sized solutes and water
Do not precipitate from water
(e.g. Proteins mixed in the plasma)

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18
Q

Suspension

A

Mixture of lard solute some water, will separate if not continually mixed
(e.g. red blood cells mixed in the plasma)

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19
Q

Chemical Constituents of the body

A

organic or inorganic

All are involved in metabolism and homeostasis

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20
Q

Functions of water in the body

A

Mixing medium, transport, fluid and electrolyte balance, lubricant, cooling the body, vital to most chemical reactions, general homeostasis
(inorganic molecule)

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21
Q

Main functions of electrolytes in the body

A

Fluid, electrolytes and pH balance; communication (e.g. action potentials); transport across membranes; general homeostasis

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22
Q

Acid

A

Substance that donates a proton

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23
Q

Base

A

Substance that accepts a proton

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24
Q

Main functions of acids and bases in the body

A

Normal pH for most reaction/processes in the body, general homeostasis

inorganic molecules

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25
Q

Organic molecules

A

Large, complex molecules containing carbon

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26
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Adenine molecule + ribose molecule + 3 phosphate molecules
Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of the phosphate molecules. The bond between the second and third phosphate has the highest energy.
Is formed by an addition of the phosphate molecule to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Main functions are primary energy supply and general homeostasis

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27
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The process of oxidizing food molecules like glucose to carbon dioxide and water
Part of catabolism

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28
Q

Glycolysis

A

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate

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29
Q

Cori cycle

A

The metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate.

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30
Q

Acetyl coenzyme A

A

important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. Its main function is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production

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31
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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32
Q

Electron transport chain

A

a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.

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33
Q

ATP synthase

A

An important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate

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34
Q

Summary of anaerobic respiration

A

2 net ATP
1 Water molecule
2 lactic acid molecules
Heat

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35
Q

Aerobic

A

Production of ATP with the use of oxygen

36
Q

Acetyl-CoA formation

A

Occurs in the inner compartment of the mitochondrion
Puruvic acid is converted into acetyl-CoA
1 NAD+ is reduced to 1 NADH per purification acid (2 total)
Produces 1 CO2 molecule per pyruvic acid (2 total)

37
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Citric acid cycle
TCA cycle
Occurs in inner compartment of mitochondrion
Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid, forms citric acid
Produces 1 ATP per acetyl-CoA (2 total)
Produces 3 NADH per acetyl-CoA (6 total)
Produces 1 FADH2 per acetyl-CoA (2 total)
Produces 2 CO2 per acetyl-CoA (4 total)

38
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
Contains a series of proteins that pump H+ ions from inner to outer compartment
Creates an H+ gradient from outer to inner compartment
NADH and FADH2 donate H+
Energy to pump H+ is derived from each protein passing electrons from one protein to the next
The last electron is passed onto O2; O2 combines with H+; produces 6 water molecules
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons

39
Q

ATP synthase

A

Produces 28-32 ATP
Energy to make ATP derived by transporting H+ from outer to inner compartment
Needs oxygen to work

40
Q

Summary of aerobic cellular respiration if using glucose

A

30-34 ATP produced (2 from Krebs and 28-32 from electron transport chain)
6 CO2 produced
6 H2O produced
Heat produced

41
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Composed primarily of C, H, and O
Ration (CH2O)n
Large number of O molecules makes them polar
Typically water soluble
Used to make ATP
Provides structure to molecules such as ATP, DNA, and RNA
General homeostasis

42
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monomers of carbohydrates

From 3 to 9 C (5-6 C most important to humans)

43
Q

6 Carbon monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

44
Q

5 Carbon monosaccharides

A

Deoxyribose

Ribose

45
Q

Disaccharides

A

Pairs of monosaccharides linked together

Glucose+Glucose=Maltose
Glucose+Fructose=Sucrose
Glucose+Galactose=Lactose

46
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides linked together
Starch-Storage form of glucose in plants
Glycogen-Storage form of glucose in the body
Fiber (cellulose)-Indigestible carbohydrate; water soluble an insoluble forms

47
Q

Lipids

A 
Composed primarily of C, H, O
Lower ratio of O to C, less polar, insoluble in water
Soluble in lipids
Used to make ATP
Vital constituent of cell membranes
Regulation (hormones, eicosanoids)
General homeostasis 
(Triglyceride, phospholipid, cholesterol, steroids, ketones, eicosanoids)
48
Q

Triglyceride/Triacylglycerol

A

Majority of the lipids in the body

Glycerol joined to 3 fatty acid molecules

49
Q

Fatty acids

A

Monomers of lipids

50
Q

Saturated

A

Solely single bonds between carbons

51
Q

Unsaturated

A

One or more double bonds

52
Q

Monounsaturated

A

One double bond

53
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

More than one double bond

54
Q

Phospholipid

A

Glycerol molecule+2 fatty acids+phosphate molecule

Important constituent of cell membranes and surfactant

55
Q

Cholesterol

A

Important constituent of the plasma membrane of cells
Used to make steroids
Approximately one gram produced per day by the liver

56
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoprotein=”good”

57
Q

LDL

A

Low density lipoprotein=”bad”

58
Q

Steroids

A

Derived from cholesterol
Structurally distinct from other lipids: composed of 4 separate C rings, what is attached to the ring characterizes a steroid
(Testosterone, estrogen, bike salt)

59
Q

Ketones

A

Derived from fatty acids

60
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Production of ketones

61
Q

Ketosis

A

Elevated levels of ketones in the blood
Increased ketogensis levels
Signifies more fatty acids are being catabolized

62
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Derived from fatty acids

Prostaglandins, thrombocytes, prostacyclin, leukotrienes

63
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Found and produced in nearly all tissues

Have numerous physiological effects in the body

64
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Produced primarily by platelets

Facilitate the clumping of platelets and constrict blood vessels

65
Q

Prostacyclins

A

Produced primarily by endothelial cells

Prevent clumping of platelets and dilate blood vessels

66
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Produced primarily by leukocyte sand mast cells
Construct airways (asthma)
Sustain inflammatory reactions (allergies)

67
Q

Proteins

A

Composed primarily of C, H, O, N
Most contain S
Has four levels of structure
Responsible for cell structure (cytoskeleton)
Regulation (enzymes and hormones)
Transport (hemoglobin, plasma proteins, membrane transporters)
Immunity (antibodies and complement system)
General homeostasis

68
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomers of proteins

69
Q

Peptide

A

2-10 amino acid protein, very small protein

70
Q

Polypeptide

A

11-50 amino acid protein, small protein

71
Q

Medium-Large proteins

A

50 or greater amino acids

72
Q

Primary

A

Amino acid sequence

73
Q

Secondary

A

Twisting and pleating of amino acid chain

74
Q

Tertiary

A

Folding into a 3D structure

75
Q

Quarternary

A

Combining of 2 or more tertiary structures

Each individual tertiary structure is a subunit

76
Q

Denaturation

A

Change in protein structure by extreme conditions (temp, pH)
Secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure affected
Primary structure not affected

77
Q

Nuclei acids

A

DNA RNA

Composed of C, H, O, N, P

78
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomers of nucleic acid
Includes: Phosphate group;
Monosaccharides: deoxyribose (DNA), Ribose (RNA); N base: A, G, C, T (DNA) U (RNA)

79
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

Nucleotides arranged in a double stranded helix
A-T
C-G
46 molecules in the nucleus
1 molecule in mitochondrion
Made up of genes, most of which are recipes for proteins

80
Q

Ribonuclease acid

A

Types work together to produce proteins (m, r, t)

81
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA
Complimentary copy of a gene
Used as a template to assemble a protein

82
Q

rRNA

A

Unit of ribosomes
Aids in protein assembly
Reads the mRNA

83
Q

tRNA

A

Aids in protein assembly

Transfers amino acids to form primary structure

84
Q

Transcription

A

Process of producing mRNA
DNA separated and gene is exposed
mRNA is produced by making a complimentary copy of a gene

A of DNA created U of mRNA
C of DNA creates G of mRNA
G of DNA creates C of mRNA
Thymine of DNA creates A of mRNA

mRNA migrated to the cytoplasm

85
Q

Codons

A

Each is the code for an amino acid

Nucleotides and their bases in groups of 3

86
Q

Translation

A

Formation of primary structure from info contained in mRNA

Physiology (3 decks)

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