Exam 1 General Content Flashcards
Describe motor control
Control and organization process underlying movement
Milliseconds
Describe motor learning
Acquisition of skill through practice and experience
Hours, days, weeks
Describe motor development
Age related change in motor development
Months, years, decades
What is the normal pattern of kinesiological development
Physiological flexion
Antigravity extension
Antigravity flexion
Describe some normal newborn characteristics
Physiologic flexion
Flexor recoil with passive stretch
Hands lightly fisted
Head in midline
Visually alert
Moves head side to side to clear airway
Head and trunk are linked
Describe some premature newborn characteristics
Decreased physiologic flexion
Low muscle tone
Limited ability to self calm
Cannot lift head and neck to clear airway
Immature development of organ systems
Poor feeding skills
Describe the APGAR
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
Describe the scoring of the APGAR
10 is best
< 7 is high risk
5-7 oxygen and resuscitation may be needed
< 2 resuscitation required
Describe neonatal reflexes
Part of intrauterine development
Appear at end of second trimester
Integrated during first year of life
Deviations indicate abnormal neuromuscular development
When do equilibrium reactions begin to develop and when do they mature
4-6 months
4-6 years
What is the order of postural control
Prone
Supine
Side lying
Sitting
Quadruped
Kneeling
Standing
What is the etiology of brachial plexus injury in infants
Primarily due to difficult vaginal delivery
Describe erbs palsy
Injury to C5-C6
Shoulder EXR, IR, ADD
Elbow extension
Pronation
Wrist and finger flexion
Describe Klumke’s palsy
Injury to C8-T1
Postures in supintaion
Describe global palsy
Damage to C5-T1
What is a torch infection
Group of infections that can have serious impact on the fetus when the mother is infected during pregnancy or delivery
What are some examples of torch infections
Toxoplasmas
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes
Describe toxoplasmosis
From cat litter
Can cause, hydrocephalus, seizures, intellectual disability
Describe syphilis
rash
Hearing loss
Damage to teeth and eyes
MSk deformities
CNS involvement
Desceibe rubella
Rash
Cataracts
Liver damage
Describe cytomegalovirus
Transmitted in utero
Can cause Hearing loss, hypotonia, motor impairment
What is a high risk infant
Greater than average chance of morbidity or mortality
What defines a premature infant
37 weeks or younger
Describe low birth weights for infants
LBW - 3.3-3.5
VLBW 2.2-3.3
ELBW < 2.2
Describe the neonatal levels of care
1 - well baby nursery, stable normal infants
2 - special care nursery, 32+ weeks, 1500+ grams, feed tubes, supplemental O2
3 - NICU, < 32 weeks or <1500 grams, ventilators
4 - Regional NICU, most specialized care
Describe infant positioning early in the NICU
Midline head positioning and elevation at 30 for first 2 hours, this decreases incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage
Briefly describe respiratory distres syndrome
children issues with breathing
Treat with supplemental o2
Briefly describe BPD
results from using supplemental O2 for too long
Briefly describe meconium aspiration syndrome
If infant has first bowel movement in utero it may be inhaled
Treat with antibiotics
Briefly describe intraventricular hemorrhage
Swings in blood pressure can cause bleeding into the ventricles
1 - isolated germinal matrix hemorrhage
2 - IVH with normal sized ventricles
3 - IVH with dilated ventricles
4 - IVH into white matter
Briefly describe periventricular leukomalacia
due to little or too much cerebellar blood flow
Briefly describe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
decreased oxygenation
Mild - requires resuscitation
Moderate - resuscitation and respiration assist
Severe - resuscitation and prolonged ventilation
Briefly describe GER
stomach contents erupt into esophagus, normal in 2/3 of healthy infants
How can you position to prevent infants from spitting up
30 upright sitting
Briefly describe neonatal abstinence syndrome
withdrawal signs and neurobehavioral problems in infants
Occurs in 72 hours
Meds: methadone
Briefly describe Necrotizing enterocolitis
acute inflammation of bowel
Results in intestinal hemorrhage
Describe retinopathy of prematurity
immature part of retina
Briefly describe hyperbilirubinemia
Jaundice
Sunlight exposure treatment
Describe the various behavioral states children can occupy and which is the best for examination
Deep sleep
Light sleep
Drowsy
Quiet awake - best time for exam
Active awake
Crying
What are infant vitals
120-180 BPM
40-60 RR
Costal retractions is sign of labored breathing
What is juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Group of inflammatory diseases in children and adolescents that may cause joint or connective tissue damage through the body
What are the subtypes of JIA
Systemic - most painful, SYMETRIC
OligoarthritiS - most common, asymmetrical
Polyarticular - 5 or more joints, SYMETRIC
What are some Interventions for JIA
Cold modalities
ROM, gentle strengthening
Functional activities
What is CMT
Torticollis
Unilateral shortening of SCM
Caused by nodule or tightening of upper trap
Hoe can CMT develop
Prenatal - Ischemic injury, mispositioning in utero, muscle rupture
Perinatal - trauma from breech position
Positional - positional preference
Describe the type of CMT
Postural - positional preference, full PROM
Muscular - unilateral SCM tightness, no nodule mass
SCM nodule - Most severe, fibrous band in SCM
Describe CMY grading
1 - early mild - less than 15
2 - early moderate - 15-30
3 - early severe - more than 30
4 - late mild - 7-9 months, less than 15
5 - late moderate - 10-12 months, less than 15
6 - late severe - 7-12 more than 15
7 - late extreme - after months with nodule, more than 30
Describe CMT prognosis
Good if referred less than 3 months
What are some red flags associated with CMT
Poor visual tracking
Abnormal muscle tone
Extramacular mass
Other abnormal findings
What is the difference between plagiocephaly and brachiocephaly
plagio - opposite corners are bulging
Brachio - flattening on back of skull
How do you treat plagiocephaly and brachiocephaly
plagio - positioning opposite deformity, increased time in prone, orthotic at 4 months of age
Brachio - increased prone positioning to allow reshaping
What is Osteogenisis imperfecta
Inherited collagen deficit disorder
What are some major impairments resulting ftom OI
Diffuse osteoporosis with recurring fractures
Lax joints
Weak muscles
Blue sclera
Describe type 1 OI
Most common
Blue sclrea
Short
Conductive hearing loss
Fragile bones
Describe type 2 OI
not compatible with life
Describe type 3 OI
severe
Progressive deformity of long bones, skull and spine
Very short stature
Respiratory comprimise
Describe type 4 OI
mild to moderate deformity
Short stature post nataly
Ambulatory
What are some intervention considerations for OI patients
No passive stretching
Do not overdress due to excessive sweating
Encourage weight bearing
Describe AMC
Non-progressive neuromuscular disorder presenting with severe joint contracture in two or more body areas
What is the etiology of AMC
Mostly unknown, mechanism seems to be fetal akinesia
Described froglike AMC
Hips, ABD, ER
Knee, Flex
Club feet
Shoulders IR
Elbow extension
Wrist flexed
Ulnar deviation
Describe jack knifed AMC
Hips flexed
Knees extended
Club feet
Shoulder s IR
Elbows flexed
Flexed wrists ulnar deviation
What is the difference between version and Torsion
Version - position of femur
Torsion - makeup of bone
Describe developmental dysplasia
Pathology where the hips are insecure
Describe Barlow and Ortolani test
Barlow - Adduction of hip while pushing posterior, clunk indicates dislocation
Ortolani - abduction and traction to relocate
What are the intervention steps of Developmental dysplasia by age
0-6 months - Pavlik harness, contra spina bifida
6 months to 2 years - Open or closed reduction, hip spica cast
> 2 years - more extensive surgery
Describe how scoliosis is classified
More than 10 degrees cob angle
Named for Convex surface and level of apex
Describe nonstructural vs structural scoliosis
NonStructural - corrects when side bending toward apex, no vertebral rotation
Structural - not passively or forcibly corrected, rotation of vertebrae toward the convexity, often fixed rib hump is present
Describe congenital limb deficiency
child born without portion of UE or LE
