Exam 1: GENDER & SOCIALIZATION Flashcards
Define socialization.
The ways in which we learn to become
a member of any group, including the
large group we call humanity.
Be able to give examples and critically access socialization.
Sex Assignment at Birth:
Sex is often determined at
birth by the presence or
absence of a penis.
– Difference between
penis and clitoris
– Ambiguous genitalia
– Sex chromosomes
What are the key differences between primary socialization and secondary socialization?
a. Provide an example of how either one of these (primary or secondary
socialization) can occur at the individual, interactional, and institutional levels.
Primary socialization: is the initial
process of learning the ways of a
society or group that occurs in infancy
and childhood and is transmitted
through the primary groups to which
we belong.
Define gender socialization.
The learning process that takes
place each time we join one of
these new secondary groups.
-The process of gender
socialization is by no means
fixed at a certain age; it
changes greatly throughout
the course of a person’s life.
Who are agents of socialization? Distinguish socialization agent vs. socialization target.
agents : the people, groups, and institutions doing the socializing.
targets: The person being socialized is the target of socialization.
Understand the concept of gender norms and how to distinguish them.
The sets of rules for what is
appropriate masculine and feminine
behavior in a given culture.
Define and critically assess nature vs. nurture debate. Relate this to intersex persons.
Intersex persons: “Individuals who for a variety of reasons do not fit into the contemporary Anglo-European biological sex categories of male and female (Ryle 2021).”
Know theories of socialization:
a. Social learning theory
b. Cognitive-development theory
i. Lawrence Kohlberg theory
ii. Gender-typing
c. Gender schema theory
d. Psychoanalytic theory
a) We learn behavior through a process of rewards and
punishments, Latent learning can take place as a result of the way children tend to imitate those around them, regardless of whether they will be rewarded for that
imitation.
b) Contradicted social learning theory by emphasizing children’s active role in their own socialization rather than considering them to be passive recipients of
socialization.Emphasis on stages of children’s cognitive
development.
i)
ii)
c) A schema is a cognitive structure and network of
associations that helps to organize an individual’s
perception of the world. We assimilate ourself-concept.
d) Socialization is a process, first it occurs in the
individual but also the same process socialization
re-creates itself across generations. Learn to
identify with parent (and people) of same gender. Uses terms like “ego” and ”ego boundary.”
Define and distinguish the stage of gender socialization:
a. First stage
b. Second stage
c. Final stage
d. Gender congruency
Theories of gender socialization can be understood at the interactional level because they
explain the ways in which gender comes to be internalized by individuals.
a. What does internalized mean here?
What is gender identity? What age does it form?
The way in which being feminine or
masculine, a woman or a man, becomes
an internalized part of the way we think
about ourselves is our gender identity.
Define gender schema.
A schema is a cognitive
structure and network of
associations that helps to
organize an individual’s
perception of the world.
We assimilate our
self-concept.
How does age relate to gender performance?
What is the youth control complex?
developed by Chicano scholar Victor M. Rios to describe what he refers to as the overwhelming system of criminalization that is shaped by the systematic punishment that is applied by institutions of social control against boys of color in the United States.
Understand the influence of peer groups, secondary groups, etc. on socialization.
